Psittacosis natural history: Difference between revisions
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===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are: | Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are:<ref name="pmid7742452">{{cite journal| author=Verweij PE, Meis JF, Eijk R, Melchers WJ, Galama JM| title=Severe human psittacosis requiring artificial ventilation: case report and review. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-2 | pmid=7742452 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7742452 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1621687">{{cite journal| author=Jeffrey RF, More IA, Carrington D, Briggs JD, Junor BJ| title=Acute glomerulonephritis following infection with Chlamydia psittaci. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 94-6 | pmid=1621687 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1621687 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2770941">{{cite journal| author=Timmerman R, Bieger R| title=Haemolytic anaemia due to cold agglutinins caused by psittacosis. | journal=Neth J Med | year= 1989 | volume= 34 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 306-9 | pmid=2770941 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2770941 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2061902">{{cite journal| author=Samra Z, Pik A, Guidetti-Sharon A, Yona E, Weisman Y| title=Hepatitis in a family infected by Chlamydia psittaci. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1991 | volume= 84 | issue= 6 | pages= 347-8 | pmid=2061902 | doi= | pmc=1293282 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061902 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2061902">{{cite journal| author=Samra Z, Pik A, Guidetti-Sharon A, Yona E, Weisman Y| title=Hepatitis in a family infected by Chlamydia psittaci. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1991 | volume= 84 | issue= 6 | pages= 347-8 | pmid=2061902 | doi= | pmc=1293282 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061902 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8463649">{{cite journal| author=Fernández-Guerrero ML| title=Zoonotic endocarditis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 1993 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 135-52 | pmid=8463649 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8463649 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6331560">{{cite journal| author=Lanham JG, Doyle DV| title=Reactive arthritis following psittacosis. | journal=Br J Rheumatol | year= 1984 | volume= 23 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=6331560 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6331560 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9636859">{{cite journal| author=Lietman T, Brooks D, Moncada J, Schachter J, Dawson C, Dean D| title=Chronic follicular conjunctivitis associated with Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia pneumoniae. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 1335-40 | pmid=9636859 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9636859 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Respiratory failure]] | |||
* [[Acute tubular necrosis]] | |||
* [[Hemolytic anemia]] | |||
* [[Endocarditis]] | |||
* [[Hepatitis]] | |||
* [[Endocarditis]] | |||
* [[Reactive arthritis]] | |||
* Chronic follicular [[conjunctivitis]] | |||
*[[Lymphoma]] | *[[Lymphoma]] | ||
*Gestational [[psittacosis]] | *Gestational [[psittacosis]] | ||
Revision as of 14:58, 27 July 2017
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Psittacosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Psittacosis natural history On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Psittacosis natural history |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Psittacosis natural history |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
Overview
Psittacosis, if left untreated presents as a flu like symptom or an atypical pneumonia in most cases. In the first week of psittacosis the symptoms mimic typhoid fever; prostrating high fevers, arthralgias, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, epistaxis and leukopenia. Headache can be so severe that suggests meningitis and some nuchal rigidity is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor or even coma results in severe cases. The second week is more of acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with continuous high fevers, cough and dyspnea. Some complications include respiratory failure, acute tubular necrosis, hemolytic anemia, endocarditis, hepatitis, encephalitis and in some fatal cases death.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
Psittacosis presents chiefly as an atypical pneumonia. In the first week of psittacosis the symptoms mimic typhoid fever: prostrating high fevers, arthralgias, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, epistaxis and leukopenia. Headache can be so severe that suggests meningitis and some nuchal rigidity is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor and coma result in severe cases. The second week is more of acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with continuous high fevers, cough and dyspnea. If untreated it progresses as following:
- Stage of flu like syndrome
- Moderate pneumonia with X ray findings
- Severe pneumonia
- Respiratory failure and sepsis
Complications
Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are:[1][2][3][4][4][5][6][7]
- Respiratory failure
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Hemolytic anemia
- Endocarditis
- Hepatitis
- Endocarditis
- Reactive arthritis
- Chronic follicular conjunctivitis
- Lymphoma
- Gestational psittacosis
- Encephalitis - rare but fatal
Prognosis
Psittacosis is a treatable infectious disease. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, prognosis is good. If the disease is complicated by renal failure or respiratory failure, prognosis is poor.
References
- ↑ Verweij PE, Meis JF, Eijk R, Melchers WJ, Galama JM (1995). "Severe human psittacosis requiring artificial ventilation: case report and review". Clin Infect Dis. 20 (2): 440–2. PMID 7742452.
- ↑ Jeffrey RF, More IA, Carrington D, Briggs JD, Junor BJ (1992). "Acute glomerulonephritis following infection with Chlamydia psittaci". Am J Kidney Dis. 20 (1): 94–6. PMID 1621687.
- ↑ Timmerman R, Bieger R (1989). "Haemolytic anaemia due to cold agglutinins caused by psittacosis". Neth J Med. 34 (5–6): 306–9. PMID 2770941.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Samra Z, Pik A, Guidetti-Sharon A, Yona E, Weisman Y (1991). "Hepatitis in a family infected by Chlamydia psittaci". J R Soc Med. 84 (6): 347–8. PMC 1293282. PMID 2061902.
- ↑ Fernández-Guerrero ML (1993). "Zoonotic endocarditis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 7 (1): 135–52. PMID 8463649.
- ↑ Lanham JG, Doyle DV (1984). "Reactive arthritis following psittacosis". Br J Rheumatol. 23 (3): 225–6. PMID 6331560.
- ↑ Lietman T, Brooks D, Moncada J, Schachter J, Dawson C, Dean D (1998). "Chronic follicular conjunctivitis associated with Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia pneumoniae". Clin Infect Dis. 26 (6): 1335–40. PMID 9636859.