Hepatitis

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Overview
Classification Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Alcoholic Hepatitis Autoimmune Hepatitis
Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. The etiologic agent could be infectious (almost always viral) or non-infectious. Depending on the disease course various kinds of hepatitis may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute viral hepatitis is a spectrum of systemic inflammatory conditions that predominantly involves the liver. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the HBV-associated delta agent or hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are the most common viruses that may cause acute viral hepatitis. Alcoholic hepatitis and and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the most common non-infectious types of hepatitis. Many drugs and toxins may also result in hepatic injury. The common manifestation among the patients of hepatitis are fever, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis of hepatitis is based on the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. In rare conditions liver biopsy is required for either the diagnosis or formulating a treatment plan. In some cases disease may become chronic and result in multiple complications such as, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis, or hepatorenal syndrome. In such conditions liver transplantation is the definitive treatment option.

Classification

Hepatitis may be classified as:

• Acute
• Chronic

Hepatitis can also be classified on the basis of various causes such as:

• Infectious
• Non-infectious

Infectious Causes

Infectious hepatitis can be classified according to the viral agent in to 7 major categories.

Viral Hepatitis                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Hepatitis A   Hepatitis B   Hepatitis C   Hepatitis D   Hepatitis E   Hepatitis F   Hepatitis G   Other                                                                                                                             • EBV hepatitis • CMV hepatitis • HSV hepatitis • Coxsackie B virus hepatitis

Non-Infectious Hepatitis

Non-infectious Hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Autoimmune hepatitis

Obstructive hepatitis

Drug related hepatitis

Toxin related hepatitis

Ischemic hepatitis

•Gallstones •Tumors

•Isoniazid •NSAIDs •Beta-lactam antibiotics •Sulfa-containing drugs •HAART

Chemicals

Differential diagnosis

Hepatitis must be differentiated from other conditions that may cause fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and elevated liver enzymes.

Disease		Clinical manifestations					Laboratory findings			Additional findings
		Symptoms			Signs		Transaminitis (elevated AST and ALT)	Viral markers	Autoimmune markers
		Nausea & vomiting	Abdominal pain	Arthralgia	Jaundice	Hepatomegaly
Acute viral hepatitis	Hepatitis A	+++	++	+	+++	+	+++	HAV Ab	---	Fecal-oral transmission Usually acute and self limit Fever usually present
	Hepatitis B	+++	++	++	+++	+	+++	HBs Ag, HBc Ab, HBe Ag	---	Percutaneous transmission most common May cause acute hepatic failure or may become chronic Fever usually present
	Hepatitis C	+++	++	++	+++	+	+++	HCV Ab	---	Percutaneous transmission is most common Higher rate of chronic progression Associated with extra hepatic manifestation such as cryoglobulinemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Fever usually present
	Hepatitis E	++	++	+/-	++	+	+++	HEV Ab	---	Fecal-oral transmission May cause fulminant disease in pregnancy Fever usually present
	CMV hepatitis	+/-	++	-	+	+	++	CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody	--	Usually manifests as mononucleosis syndrome fever usually present
	EBV hepatitis	+/-	++	-	+/-	+	++	Heterophile antibody test, monospot test	--	Systemic manifestations as mononucleosis syndrome Fever usually present
Autoimmune hepatitis		-	+	+/-	++	+	+++	---	ANA, ASMA, anti SLA/LP, ANCA, ALKM-1 antibodies	Liver biopsy may be required for diagnosis
Alcoholic hepatitis		+/-	+	-	+	-	AST>ALT	---	---	History of alcohol intake
Drug induced hepatitis		+/-	+	-	+	+	++	---	---	May cause either cholestatic or hepatocellular injury