African trypanosomiasis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*In 1841, Valentin, a professor of physiology, discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | *In 1841, Valentin, a professor of physiology, discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of [[trypanosomes]] based on the work done independently by Gluge | *In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of [[trypanosomes]] based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the [[blood]] of frogs. | ||
*In 1891, Nepveu identified [[trypanosomes]] for the first time in human [[blood]]. | *In 1891, Nepveu identified [[trypanosomes]] for the first time in human [[blood]]. | ||
*In 1898, Brault suggested | *In 1898, Brault suggested [[trypanosomes]] as the cause of [[sleeping sickness]]. | ||
*In 1901, Forde and Dutton described [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]] in human [[blood]] for the first time. | *In 1901, Forde and Dutton described [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense|''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'']] in human [[blood]] for the first time. | ||
*In 1902 | *In 1902, the First and second [[Sleeping Sickness]] Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda. | ||
*In 1902, Castellani identified [[trypanosomes]] in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of [[sleeping sickness]] patients for the first time. | *In 1902, Castellani identified [[trypanosomes]] in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of [[sleeping sickness]] patients for the first time. | ||
*In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill [[trypanosomes]]. | *In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill [[trypanosomes]]. | ||
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*In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | *In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | ||
*In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]] | *In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]] | ||
*In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified [[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|Trypanosoma | *In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified [[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens''e]] as the cause of acute [[sleeping sickness]]. | ||
*In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of trypanosomes. | *In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of trypanosomes. | ||
*In 1945, [[DDT]] was used for the first time in controlling [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]]. | *In 1945, [[DDT]] was used for the first time in controlling [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]]. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the causative agent vector. In 1910, the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa was established.
Historical Perspective
- In 1841, Valentin, a professor of physiology, discovered a trypanosome-like flagellate for the first time in the blood of a trout.[1]
- In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the blood of frogs.
- In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human blood.
- In 1898, Brault suggested trypanosomes as the cause of sleeping sickness.
- In 1901, Forde and Dutton described Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in human blood for the first time.
- In 1902, the First and second Sleeping Sickness Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda.
- In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients for the first time.
- In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes.
- In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector.
- In 1905, Bruce suggested that tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes mechanically.
- In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in tsetse flies.
- In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense as the cause of acute sleeping sickness.
- In 1914, Ritz described the antigenic variation of trypanosomes.
- In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling tsetse flies.
- In 1949, melarsoprol was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug.
- In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of antigenic variation.
- In 1992, Eflornithine was used for the treatment of human sleeping sickness.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2004). "History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (2): 231–45. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004. PMID 15145378.