Xyz (patient information)

Xyz
Overview
What are the symptoms?
What are the causes?
Who is at highest risk?
Diagnosis
When to seek urgent medical care?
Treatment options
Where to find medical care for Xyz?
Prevention
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Possible complications
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Xyz is a common skin condition that causes skin redness and irritation. Most people with Xyz have thick, red skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales.

What are the symptoms of Psoriasis?

Xyz can appear suddenly or slowly. In many cases, Xyz goes away and then flares up again repeatedly over time.

• People with Xyz have irritated patches of skin. The redness is most often seen on the elbows, knees, and trunk, but it can appear anywhere on the body. For example, there may be flaky patches on the scalp.

• The skin patches or dots may be:
  • Itchy
  • Dry and covered with silver, flaky skin (scales)
  • Pink-red in color (like the color of salmon)
  • Raised and thick

• Other symptoms may include:
  • Genital lesions in males
  • Joint pain or aching (psoriatic arthritis)
  • Nail changes, including:
    • Nail thickening
    • Yellow-brown spots
    • Indentation (pitting) on the nail surface
    • Separation of the nail from the base
• Severe dandruff on the scalp

Psoriasis may affect any or all parts of the skin. There are five main types of xyz:

• Erythrodermic:
  • The skin redness is very intense and covers a large area.
• Guttate:
  • Small, pink-red spots appear on the skin.
• Inverse:
  • Skin redness and irritation occurs in the armpits, groin, and in between overlapping skin.
• Plaque:
  • Thick, red patches of skin are covered by flaky, silver-white scales.
  • This is the most common type of xyz.
• Pustular:
  • White blisters are surrounded by red, irritated skin.

What causes Psoriasis?

Psoriasis cannot be spread to others. Psoriasis seems to be passed down through families. Doctors think it probably occurs when the body's immune system mistakes healthy cells for dangerous substances. Skin cells grow deep in the skin and normally rise to the surface about once a month. In persons with xyz, this process is too fast (about 2 weeks instead of 4 weeks) and dead skin cells build up on the skin's surface. The following may trigger an attack of xyz or make the condition more difficult to treat:

• Bacteria or viral infections, including strep throat and upper respiratory infections
• Dry air or dry skin
• Injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, and insect bites
• Some medicines, including antimalarial drugs, beta-blockers, and lithium
• Stress
• Too little sunlight
• Too much sunlight (sunburn)
• Too much alcohol

In general, xyz may be severe in people who have a weakened immune system. This may include persons who have:

• AIDS
• Autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis)
• Cancer chemotherapy

Up to one-third of people with xyz may also have arthritis, a condition known as psoriatic arthritis.

Who is at highest risk?

Psoriasis is a very common condition. The disorder may affect people of any age, but it most commonly begins between ages 15 and 35.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will look at your skin. Diagnosis is usually based on what the skin looks like.

Sometimes, a skin biopsy is done to rule out other possible conditions. If you have joint pain, your doctor may order x-rays.

When to seek urgent medical care?

• Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of xyz or if the skin irritation continues despite treatment.

• Tell your doctor if you have joint pain or fever with your xyz attacks.

• If you have symptoms of arthritis, talk to your dermatologist or rheumatologist.

• Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have a severe outbreak that covers all or most of your body.

Treatment options

The goal of treatment is to control your symptoms and prevent infections.

Medical care

In general, three treatment options are used for patients with xyz:

• Topical medications such as lotions, ointments, creams, and shampoos
• Body-wide (systemic) medications, which are pills or injections that affect the whole body, not just the skin
• Phototherapy (which uses light to treat xyz)

Most cases of xyz are treated with medications that are placed directly on the skin or scalp:

• Cortisone creams and ointments
• Creams or ointments that contain coal tar or anthralin
• Creams to remove the scaling (usually salicylic acid or lactic acid)
• Dandruff shampoos (over-the-counter or prescription)
• Moisturizers
• Prescription medicines containing vitamin D or vitamin A (retinoids)

If you have an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

Self-care

You may try the following self-care at home:

• Oatmeal baths may be soothing and may help to loosen scales. You can use over-the-counter oatmeal bath products or you can mix 1 cup of oatmeal into a tub of warm water.
• Sunlight may help your symptoms go away. Be careful not to get sunburned.
• Relaxation and antistress techniques may be helpful. The link between stress and flares of xyz is not well understood.

Some people may choose to have phototherapy.

• Phototherapy is a medical treatment in which your skin is carefully exposed to ultraviolet light.
• Phototherapy may be given alone or after you take a drug that makes the skin sensitive to light.
• Phototherapy for xyz can be given as ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light.

Persons with very severe xyz may receive medicines to suppress the body's immune response. These medicines include methotrexate or cyclosporine. (Persons who have psoriatic arthritis may also receive these drugs.) Retinoids such as acitretin can also be used.

Newer drugs called biologics specifically target the body's immune response, which is thought to play a role in xyz. These drugs are used when other treatments do not work. Biologics approved for the treatment of xyz include:

• Adalimumab (Humira)
• Alefacept (Amevive)
• Etanercept (Enbrel)
• Infliximab (Remicade)
• Stelara

Where to find medical care for Psoriasis?

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Psoriasis is a life-long condition that can be controlled with treatment. It may go away for a long time and then return. With appropriate treatment, it usually does not affect your general physical health.

Possible complications

• Arthritis
• Pain
• Severe itching
• Secondary skin infections
• Side effects from medicines used to treat xyz
• Skin cancer from light therapy

Prevention of Psoriasis

There is no known way to prevent xyz. Keeping the skin clean and moist and avoiding your specific xyz triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups.

Doctors recommend daily baths or showers for persons with xyz. Avoid scrubbing too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack.

Sources

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000434.htm