Lyme disease primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:SOCKS.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Tuck pants into socks]] | [[Image:SOCKS.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Tuck pants into socks]] | ||
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Best way to prevent Lyme disease is to avoid tick infested areas. But it is unreasonable to assume that a person can completely eliminate activities that may result in tick exposure. Therefore, preventive measures should emphasize personal protection when exposed to natural areas where ticks are present:<ref name="pmid17029130">{{cite journal|year=2006|title=The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17029130|journal=Clin Infect Dis|volume=43|issue=9|pages=1089-134|doi=10.1086/508667|pmc=|pmid=17029130|author=Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS et al.}}</ref> | |||
*Frequently checking skin and clothes to identify ticks and remove before infection can be transmitted. | |||
*Wear light-colored clothing which allows you to see ticks that are crawling on your clothing. | *Wear light-colored clothing which allows you to see ticks that are crawling on your clothing. | ||
* | *Use long sleeve shirts tucked into pants and tuck your pants' legs into your socks so that ticks cannot crawl up the inside of your pants' legs. | ||
*Apply repellents to discourage tick attachment. Repellents containing [[permethrin]] can be sprayed on boots and clothing, and will last for several days. Repellents containing [[DEET]] | *Apply repellents to discourage tick attachment.<ref name="pmid9634433">{{cite journal| author=Fradin MS| title=Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 128 | issue= 11 | pages= 931-40 | pmid=9634433 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9634433 }}</ref> | ||
**[[Permethrin]] | |||
***Repellents containing [[permethrin]] can be sprayed on boots and clothing, and will last for several days. | |||
**N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide ([[DEET]]) | |||
***Repellents containing [[DEET]] can be applied to the skin, but will last only a few hours before reapplication is necessary. | |||
***Use [[DEET]] with caution on children. [[DEET]] is appears to be safe when used as directed.<ref name="pmid157521843">{{cite journal| author=Carroll JF, Klun JA, Debboun M| title=Repellency of deet and SS220 applied to skin involves olfactory sensing by two species of ticks. | journal=Med Vet Entomol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 101-6 | pmid=15752184 | doi=10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00559.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15752184 }}</ref> | |||
***Application of large amounts of [[DEET]] on children has been associated with adverse reactions.<ref name="pmid2506420">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)| title=Seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent--New York and Connecticut. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 1989 | volume= 38 | issue= 39 | pages= 678-80 | pmid=2506420 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2506420 }}</ref> | |||
***[[DEET]] should be avoided on face, hands and irritated or abraded skin. | |||
***[[DEET]] should be washed off with soap and water once returning indoor. | |||
*Conduct a body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas by searching your entire body for ticks. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Remove any tick you find on your body. | *Conduct a body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas by searching your entire body for ticks. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Remove any tick you find on your body. | ||
*Parents should check their children for ticks, especially in the [[hair]], when returning from potentially tick-infested areas. | *Parents should check their children for ticks, especially in the [[hair]], when returning from potentially tick-infested areas. | ||
Revision as of 19:19, 3 August 2017
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Lyme disease Microchapters |
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Lyme disease primary prevention On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Lyme disease primary prevention |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.
Overview
Primary prevention of Lyme disease involves reducing exposure to ticks. Scientists have been developing all-natural chemical compounds made from plants that can repel or kill ticks. A Lyme disease vaccine is no longer available.
Primary Prevention
Minimizing tick exposure
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Best way to prevent Lyme disease is to avoid tick infested areas. But it is unreasonable to assume that a person can completely eliminate activities that may result in tick exposure. Therefore, preventive measures should emphasize personal protection when exposed to natural areas where ticks are present:[1]
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The best way to remove a tick
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Note:
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Vaccination
- A vaccine, called Lymerix, against a North American strain of the spirochetal bacteria was available from 1998 to 2002.
- It was produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and was based on the outer surface protein A (Osp-A) of Borrelia. Osp-A causes the human immune system to create antibodies that attack that protein.
- A group of patients who have been administered Lymerix developed arthritis, muscle pain and other troubling symptoms post-vaccination. Class-action litigation against GSK followed. Cassidy v. SmithKline Beecham, No. 99-10423 (Ct. Common Pleas, PA state court) (common settlement case).[7]
- It was later learned that patients with the genetic allele HLA-DR4 were susceptible to T-cell cross-reactivity between epitopes of OspA and lymphocyte function-associated antigen in these patients causing an autoimmune reaction.[8]
- New vaccines are being researched using outer surface protein C (Osp-C) and glycolipoprotein as methods of immunization.[9][10]
References
- ↑ Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS; et al. (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.
- ↑ Fradin MS (1998). "Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide". Ann Intern Med. 128 (11): 931–40. PMID 9634433.
- ↑ Carroll JF, Klun JA, Debboun M (2005). "Repellency of deet and SS220 applied to skin involves olfactory sensing by two species of ticks". Med Vet Entomol. 19 (1): 101–6. doi:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00559.x. PMID 15752184.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1989). "Seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent--New York and Connecticut". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 38 (39): 678–80. PMID 2506420.
- ↑ General Tick Disease Information. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/symptoms.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
- ↑ Tick Removal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
- ↑ Safety/Efficacy concerns re: Lyme vaccine: LYMErix Controversy LymeInfo.net
- ↑ Willett TA, Meyer AL, Brown EL, Huber BT (2004). "An effective second-generation outer surface protein A-derived Lyme vaccine that eliminates a potentially autoreactive T cell epitope". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (5): 1303–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305680101. PMID 14742868.
- ↑ Earnhart CG, Marconi RT (2007). "OspC phylogenetic analyses support the feasibility of a broadly protective polyvalent chimeric Lyme disease vaccine". Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 14 (5): 628–34. doi:10.1128/CVI.00409-06. PMID 17360854.
- ↑ Pozsgay V, Kubler-Kielb J (2007). "Synthesis of an experimental glycolipoprotein vaccine against Lyme disease". Carbohydr. Res. 342 (3–4): 621–6. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2006.11.014. PMID 17182019.