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*Single spray during spring has shown to nymphal stage of ''I. scapularis'' significantly ranging from 67.9% for carbaryl to 97.4% for chlorpyrifos.<ref name="pmid8433317"/>
*Single spray during spring has shown to nymphal stage of ''I. scapularis'' significantly ranging from 67.9% for carbaryl to 97.4% for chlorpyrifos.<ref name="pmid8433317"/>
*Evidence suggests that removal and controlled burning of vegetation (foilage and leaf litter) results is reduction in density of nymph stage of ''I. scapularis'' ranging from 72.7 to 100%.<ref name="pmid9701937">{{cite journal| author=Stafford KC, Ward JS, Magnarelli LA| title=Impact of controlled burns on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1998 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 510-3 | pmid=9701937 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9701937  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7473629">{{cite journal| author=Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Hung RW| title=Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter. | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1995 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 730-3 | pmid=7473629 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7473629  }} </ref>
*Evidence suggests that removal and controlled burning of vegetation (foilage and leaf litter) results is reduction in density of nymph stage of ''I. scapularis'' ranging from 72.7 to 100%.<ref name="pmid9701937">{{cite journal| author=Stafford KC, Ward JS, Magnarelli LA| title=Impact of controlled burns on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1998 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 510-3 | pmid=9701937 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9701937  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7473629">{{cite journal| author=Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Hung RW| title=Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter. | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1995 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 730-3 | pmid=7473629 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7473629  }} </ref>
 
*Permethrin-impregnated cotton balls:<ref name="pmid1941940">{{cite journal| author=Deblinger RD, Rimmer DW| title=Efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce the abundance of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1991 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-11 | pmid=1941940 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1941940  }} </ref>
**Permethrin-impregnated cotton balls in applicator tube are placed outdoors.
**Fibres from the tube are carried to nests by white-footed mice which is the principle reservoir host of ''B. burgdorferi''.
**Exposure to permethrin killed all ticks infesting these mice.
**This method was a success in coastal New England area.
**These permethrin-impregnated cotton balls are available commercially as 'Damminix tick tubes'.
**However, this method was found uneffective in New York and Connecticut.<ref name="pmid1941916">{{cite journal| author=Daniels TJ, Fish D, Falco RC| title=Evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of Lyme disease in southern New York state. | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1991 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 537-43 | pmid=1941916 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1941916  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1495085">{{cite journal| author=Stafford KC| title=Third-year evaluation of host-targeted permethrin for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 1992 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 717-20 | pmid=1495085 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1495085  }} </ref>
===Minimizing tick exposure===
===Minimizing tick exposure===
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#After removing the tick, thoroughly disinfect the bite site and wash your hands with soap and water.
#After removing the tick, thoroughly disinfect the bite site and wash your hands with soap and water.
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[[Image:Tick removal process.jpg|400px|center|thumb|Tick removal process]]
[[Image:Tick removal process.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Tick removal process]]
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*Save the tick for identification in case you become ill. This may help your doctor to make an accurate diagnosis. Place the tick in a sealable plastic bag and put it in your freezer. Write the date of the bite on a piece of paper with a pencil and place it in the bag. <ref name="Tick Removal CDC”">Tick Removal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015).  http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html Accessed on December 30, 2015</ref>
*Save the tick for identification in case you become ill. This may help your doctor to make an accurate diagnosis. Place the tick in a sealable plastic bag and put it in your freezer. Write the date of the bite on a piece of paper with a pencil and place it in the bag. <ref name="Tick Removal CDC”">Tick Removal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015).  http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html Accessed on December 30, 2015</ref>
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[[Image:Removal.jpg|400px|center|thumb|Removal of an embedded tick using fine-tipped tweezers]]
[[Image:Removal.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Removal of an embedded tick using fine-tipped tweezers]]
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Revision as of 20:46, 3 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]Ilan Dock, B.S.

Overview

Primary prevention of Lyme disease involves reducing exposure to ticks. Scientists have been developing all-natural chemical compounds made from plants that can repel or kill ticks. A Lyme disease vaccine is no longer available.

Primary Prevention

Tick control

  • Tick control can help prevent many tick-borne diseases including Lyme disease, human granulomatous anaplasmosis(HGA), babesiosis and many others.
  • Use of acaricidal sprays on vegetation where tick lives is consistently most effective method.
  • Acaricides are pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites.
  • Examples of acaricide includes:[1][2][3]
    • Carbaryl
    • Chlorpyrifos
    • Cyfluthrin
    • Deltamethrin
  • Single spray during spring has shown to nymphal stage of I. scapularis significantly ranging from 67.9% for carbaryl to 97.4% for chlorpyrifos.[1]
  • Evidence suggests that removal and controlled burning of vegetation (foilage and leaf litter) results is reduction in density of nymph stage of I. scapularis ranging from 72.7 to 100%.[4][5]
  • Permethrin-impregnated cotton balls:[6]
    • Permethrin-impregnated cotton balls in applicator tube are placed outdoors.
    • Fibres from the tube are carried to nests by white-footed mice which is the principle reservoir host of B. burgdorferi.
    • Exposure to permethrin killed all ticks infesting these mice.
    • This method was a success in coastal New England area.
    • These permethrin-impregnated cotton balls are available commercially as 'Damminix tick tubes'.
    • However, this method was found uneffective in New York and Connecticut.[7][8]

Minimizing tick exposure

Tuck pants into socks

Best way to prevent Lyme disease is to avoid tick infested areas. But it is unreasonable to assume that a person can completely eliminate activities that may result in tick exposure. Therefore, preventive measures should emphasize personal protection when exposed to natural areas where ticks are present:[9]

  • Frequently checking skin and clothes to identify ticks and remove before infection can be transmitted.
  • Wear light-colored clothing which allows you to see ticks that are crawling on your clothing.
  • Use long sleeve shirts tucked into pants and tuck your pants' legs into your socks so that ticks cannot crawl up the inside of your pants' legs.
  • Apply repellents to discourage tick attachment.[10]
    • Permethrin
      • Repellents containing permethrin can be sprayed on boots and clothing, and will last for several days.
    • N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)
      • Repellents containing DEET can be applied to the skin, but will last only a few hours before reapplication is necessary.
      • Use DEET with caution on children. DEET is appears to be safe when used as directed.[11]
      • Application of large amounts of DEET on children has been associated with adverse reactions.[12]
      • DEET should be avoided on face, hands and irritated or abraded skin.
      • DEET should be washed off with soap and water once returning indoor.
  • Conduct a body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas by searching your entire body for ticks. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Remove any tick you find on your body.
  • Parents should check their children for ticks, especially in the hair, when returning from potentially tick-infested areas.
  • Ticks may also be carried into the household on clothing and pets and only attach later, so both should be examined carefully to exclude ticks.[13]

The best way to remove a tick

  1. Use fine-tipped tweezers or notched tick extractor, and protect your fingers with a tissue, paper towel, or latex gloves. Persons should avoid removing ticks with bare hands.
  2. Grasp the tick as close to the skin surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick; this may cause the mouth-parts to break off and remain in the skin. (If this happens, remove mouth-parts with tweezers. Consult your health care provider if illness occurs.)
  3. After removing the tick, thoroughly disinfect the bite site and wash your hands with soap and water.
Tick removal process

Note:

  • Do not squeeze, crush, or puncture the body of the tick because its fluids may contain infectious organisms. Skin accidentally exposed to tick fluids can be disinfected with iodine scrub, rubbing alcohol, or water containing detergents.
  • Save the tick for identification in case you become ill. This may help your doctor to make an accurate diagnosis. Place the tick in a sealable plastic bag and put it in your freezer. Write the date of the bite on a piece of paper with a pencil and place it in the bag. [14]
Removal of an embedded tick using fine-tipped tweezers

Prophylaxis

  • After a tick bite, routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended.[9]
  • A single dose of doxycycline(avoid in pregnancy and children <8 years) may be offered to adults (200mg) and children (4mg/kg, maximum 200mg) if all of the criteria are fulfilled:
    • The tick is identified as I. scapularis (adult or nymph)
    • The tick is attached for ⩾36 hours. It is estimated by the degree of engorgement of the tick with blood or approximating the time of exposure to the tick.
    • Within 72 hours of tick removal
    • Local infection rate of tick with B. burgdorferi is ⩾20%
    • There is no contraindication to use of doxycycline.

Vaccination

  • A vaccine, called Lymerix, against a North American strain of the spirochetal bacteria was available from 1998 to 2002.
  • It was produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and was based on the outer surface protein A (Osp-A) of Borrelia. Osp-A causes the human immune system to create antibodies that attack that protein.
  • A group of patients who have been administered Lymerix developed arthritis, muscle pain and other troubling symptoms post-vaccination. Class-action litigation against GSK followed. Cassidy v. SmithKline Beecham, No. 99-10423 (Ct. Common Pleas, PA state court) (common settlement case).[15]
  • It was later learned that patients with the genetic allele HLA-DR4 were susceptible to T-cell cross-reactivity between epitopes of OspA and lymphocyte function-associated antigen in these patients causing an autoimmune reaction.[16]
  • New vaccines are being researched using outer surface protein C (Osp-C) and glycolipoprotein as methods of immunization.[17][18]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Curran KL, Fish D, Piesman J (1993). "Reduction of nymphal Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in a residential suburban landscape by area application of insecticides". J Med Entomol. 30 (1): 107–13. PMID 8433317.
  2. ↑ Stafford KC (1991). "Effectiveness of carbaryl applications for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in an endemic residential area". J Med Entomol. 28 (1): 32–6. PMID 1903451.
  3. ↑ Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Hung RW, Taylor RC, Markowski D, Chomsky MS (2001). "Efficacy of granular deltamethrin against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidade) nymphs". J Med Entomol. 38 (2): 344–6. PMID 11296847.
  4. ↑ Stafford KC, Ward JS, Magnarelli LA (1998). "Impact of controlled burns on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)". J Med Entomol. 35 (4): 510–3. PMID 9701937.
  5. ↑ Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Hung RW (1995). "Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter". J Med Entomol. 32 (5): 730–3. PMID 7473629.
  6. ↑ Deblinger RD, Rimmer DW (1991). "Efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce the abundance of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)". J Med Entomol. 28 (5): 708–11. PMID 1941940.
  7. ↑ Daniels TJ, Fish D, Falco RC (1991). "Evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of Lyme disease in southern New York state". J Med Entomol. 28 (4): 537–43. PMID 1941916.
  8. ↑ Stafford KC (1992). "Third-year evaluation of host-targeted permethrin for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut". J Med Entomol. 29 (4): 717–20. PMID 1495085.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS; et al. (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.
  10. ↑ Fradin MS (1998). "Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide". Ann Intern Med. 128 (11): 931–40. PMID 9634433.
  11. ↑ Carroll JF, Klun JA, Debboun M (2005). "Repellency of deet and SS220 applied to skin involves olfactory sensing by two species of ticks". Med Vet Entomol. 19 (1): 101–6. doi:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00559.x. PMID 15752184.
  12. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1989). "Seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent--New York and Connecticut". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 38 (39): 678–80. PMID 2506420.
  13. ↑ General Tick Disease Information. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/symptoms.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
  14. ↑ Tick Removal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
  15. ↑ Safety/Efficacy concerns re: Lyme vaccine: LYMErix Controversy LymeInfo.net
  16. ↑ Willett TA, Meyer AL, Brown EL, Huber BT (2004). "An effective second-generation outer surface protein A-derived Lyme vaccine that eliminates a potentially autoreactive T cell epitope". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (5): 1303–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305680101. PMID 14742868.
  17. ↑ Earnhart CG, Marconi RT (2007). "OspC phylogenetic analyses support the feasibility of a broadly protective polyvalent chimeric Lyme disease vaccine". Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 14 (5): 628–34. doi:10.1128/CVI.00409-06. PMID 17360854.
  18. ↑ Pozsgay V, Kubler-Kielb J (2007). "Synthesis of an experimental glycolipoprotein vaccine against Lyme disease". Carbohydr. Res. 342 (3–4): 621–6. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2006.11.014. PMID 17182019.


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