Gynecomastia classification: Difference between revisions
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!Method of classification | !Method of classification | ||
!Classification system | !Classification system | ||
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|Nydick | |||
|1961 | |||
|Physical appearnce | |||
|Gland limited to the retroareolarregion; it does not reach the edge of the areola | |||
Gland extends as far as the edge of the areola. | |||
The increase in gland volume extends beyond the edge of the areola. | |||
|- | |||
|Tanner | |||
|1971 | |||
|Physical appearnce | |||
|Stage 1: Nipple prominence | |||
Stage 2: Mammillary button stage; the breast and the areola- nipple are slightly swollen and the diameter of the areola increases. | |||
Stage 3: Further swelling of the breast and areola without separation of their edges | |||
Stage 4: Areola and nipple become protrusive and form a secondary protrusion above the breast | |||
Stage 5: There is protrusion of the nipple only after retraction of the areola from the breast surface. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Simon | |Simon | ||
|1973 | |1973 | ||
|Physical | |Physical appearnce | ||
| | | | ||
* GRADE 1: Small visible breast enlargement, no skin redundancy | * GRADE 1: Small visible breast enlargement, no skin redundancy | ||
Line 37: | Line 57: | ||
* GRADE 2b: Moderate breast enlargement with skin redundancy | * GRADE 2b: Moderate breast enlargement with skin redundancy | ||
* GRADE 3: Marked breast enlargement with marked skin redundancy | * GRADE 3: Marked breast enlargement with marked skin redundancy | ||
|- | |||
|Deutinger and Freilinger | |||
|1986 | |||
|Physical appearnce | |||
|Grade 1: Thoracic wall poor in flesh; mammary tissue localized behind and around the nipple; no skin excess. | |||
Grade 2: Adipose thoracic wall; widespread alterations; breasts similar to feminine ones during puberty. | |||
Grade 3: Widespread alterations; excess adipose tissue, skin redundancy, inframammary fold and ptosis. | |||
|- | |||
|Cohen | |||
|1987 | |||
|Physical appearance | |||
|Group 1: Glandular gynecomastia. | |||
Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. | |||
Group 2: Glandular gynaecomastia with ptosis. | |||
Group 3: Adipose gynecomastiaa. | |||
Group :4 Adipose gyaecomastiawha slightt a glandular component. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Rohrich | |Rohrich |
Revision as of 16:35, 7 August 2017
Gynecomastia Microchapters |
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Gynecomastia classification On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Gynecomastia can be classified on the basis of clinical appearance, etiology or histopathology.
Classification
- There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
- [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
- [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
- [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
- Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
- If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
- According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
- The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
- There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Author | Year | Method of classification | Classification system |
---|---|---|---|
Nydick | 1961 | Physical appearnce | Gland limited to the retroareolarregion; it does not reach the edge of the areola
Gland extends as far as the edge of the areola. The increase in gland volume extends beyond the edge of the areola. |
Tanner | 1971 | Physical appearnce | Stage 1: Nipple prominence
Stage 2: Mammillary button stage; the breast and the areola- nipple are slightly swollen and the diameter of the areola increases. Stage 3: Further swelling of the breast and areola without separation of their edges Stage 4: Areola and nipple become protrusive and form a secondary protrusion above the breast Stage 5: There is protrusion of the nipple only after retraction of the areola from the breast surface. |
Simon | 1973 | Physical appearnce |
|
Deutinger and Freilinger | 1986 | Physical appearnce | Grade 1: Thoracic wall poor in flesh; mammary tissue localized behind and around the nipple; no skin excess.
Grade 2: Adipose thoracic wall; widespread alterations; breasts similar to feminine ones during puberty. Grade 3: Widespread alterations; excess adipose tissue, skin redundancy, inframammary fold and ptosis. |
Cohen | 1987 | Physical appearance | Group 1: Glandular gynecomastia.
Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. Group 2: Glandular gynaecomastia with ptosis. Group 3: Adipose gynecomastiaa. Group :4 Adipose gyaecomastiawha slightt a glandular component. |
Rohrich | 2003 | Physical/Tissue type |
|
Gusenoff | 2008 | Physical |
|
Barros | 2012 | Physical |
|
Çi̇l | 2012 | Imaging (computed tomography | Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, <0.3 Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, 0.3–0.5 Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, >0.6 |
Cordova | 2008 | Physical |
|
Fruhstorfer | 2003 | Physical | Small-to-moderate Moderate-to-large |
Mladick | 2004 | Physical | No sagging Slight sagging Moderate sagging Extensive sagging |
Monarca | 2013 | Physical/tis- sue type |
|
The spectrum of gynecomastia severity has been categorized into a grading system:[1][2]
- Grade I: Minor enlargement, no skin excess
- Grade II: Moderate enlargement, no skin excess
- Grade III: Moderate enlargement, skin excess
- Grade IV: Marked enlargement, skin excess
References
- ↑ Wollina, U; Goldman, A (June 2011). "Minimally invasive esthetic procedures of the male breast". Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 10 (2): 150–155. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00548.x. PMID 21649820.
- ↑ Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S (1973). "Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia". Plast Reconstr Surg. 51 (1): 48–52. PMID 4687568.