Protein energy malnutrition causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced breast feeding, poor weaning practices, limited availability of food and very little child care in cases of extreme poverty. This classically affects several poor people in regions of poor social and economic background. Other environmental causes such as infections, drought and earthquakes leading to decreased availability of food have also been identified. | Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]], [[Weaning|poor weaning practices,]] limited availability of food and very little child care in cases of extreme poverty. This classically affects several poor people in regions of poor [[Social status|social and economic]] background. Other environmental causes such as [[infections]], drought and [[Earthquake Valve|earthquakes]] leading to decreased availability of food have also been identified. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
There are several causes of protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition is usually caused by:<ref name="pmid15664232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachs JD, McArthur JW |title=The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9456 |pages=347–53 |year=2005 |pmid=15664232 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17791-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14568749">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Waal A, Whiteside A |title=New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9391 |pages=1234–7 |year=2003 |pmid=14568749 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R |title=Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9447 |pages=1801–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15541455 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15555671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P |title=Public nutrition in complex emergencies |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9448 |pages=1899–909 |year=2004 |pmid=15555671 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3 |url=}}</ref> | There are several causes of protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition is usually caused by:<ref name="pmid15664232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachs JD, McArthur JW |title=The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9456 |pages=347–53 |year=2005 |pmid=15664232 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17791-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14568749">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Waal A, Whiteside A |title=New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9391 |pages=1234–7 |year=2003 |pmid=14568749 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R |title=Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9447 |pages=1801–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15541455 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15555671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P |title=Public nutrition in complex emergencies |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9448 |pages=1899–909 |year=2004 |pmid=15555671 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Economic and social factors: | *[[Social status|Economic and social factors]]: | ||
**Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying healthy and nutritious meals for their children. | **Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying [[healthy]] and [[Nutritional|nutritious]] meals for their children. | ||
**Limited availability of food due to floods and earthquake. | **Limited availability of [[food]] due to floods and earthquake. | ||
**Reduced breast feeding and poor weaning practices. | **Reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]] and [[Weaning|poor weaning practices.]] | ||
**Poor distribution of food to reach people in the remote areas. | **Poor distribution of [[food]] to reach people in the remote areas. | ||
*Environmental factors: | *[[Environmental factor|Environmental factors]]: | ||
**Infections such as diarrhea. | **[[Infections]] such as [[diarrhea]]. | ||
**Scarcity of food due to floods, earthquakes and poor agricultural practices. | **Scarcity of [[food]] due to floods, earthquakes and [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|poor agricultural practices.]] | ||
*Age: | *[[Age]]: | ||
**Increased nutritional requirements for growth. | **Increased nutritional requirements for [[growth]]. | ||
*Biological factors: | *[[Biological factors]]: | ||
**Maternal undernutrition. | **[[Maternal]] [[undernutrition]]. | ||
**Infectious diseases such as measles and diarrhea. | **[[Infectious diseases]] such as [[measles]] and [[diarrhea]]. | ||
*Level of education and sanitation. | *Level of [[education]] and [[sanitation]]. | ||
*Season and climate conditions. | *Season and [[Climate and health|climate]] conditions. | ||
*Cultural and religious food customs. | *Cultural and [[Religiosity|religious]] food customs. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 10:50, 9 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced breast feeding, poor weaning practices, limited availability of food and very little child care in cases of extreme poverty. This classically affects several poor people in regions of poor social and economic background. Other environmental causes such as infections, drought and earthquakes leading to decreased availability of food have also been identified.
Causes
There are several causes of protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition is usually caused by:[1][2][3][4]
- Economic and social factors:
- Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying healthy and nutritious meals for their children.
- Limited availability of food due to floods and earthquake.
- Reduced breast feeding and poor weaning practices.
- Poor distribution of food to reach people in the remote areas.
- Environmental factors:
- Infections such as diarrhea.
- Scarcity of food due to floods, earthquakes and poor agricultural practices.
- Age:
- Increased nutritional requirements for growth.
- Biological factors:
- Maternal undernutrition.
- Infectious diseases such as measles and diarrhea.
- Level of education and sanitation.
- Season and climate conditions.
- Cultural and religious food customs.
References
- ↑ Sachs JD, McArthur JW (2005). "The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals". Lancet. 365 (9456): 347–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17791-5. PMID 15664232.
- ↑ de Waal A, Whiteside A (2003). "New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa". Lancet. 362 (9391): 1234–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5. PMID 14568749.
- ↑ Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R (2004). "Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade". Lancet. 364 (9447): 1801–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9. PMID 15541455.
- ↑ Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P (2004). "Public nutrition in complex emergencies". Lancet. 364 (9448): 1899–909. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3. PMID 15555671.