Schistosomiasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:17, 10 August 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia and in the Middle East. Schistosoma mansoni is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; S. haematobium in Africa and the Middle East; and S. japonicum in the Far East. S. mekongi and S. intercalatum are found focally in Southeast Asia and central West Africa, respectively.

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalence

More than 600 million persons are exposed to Schistosoma parasites, 200 million persons are infected, and 20 million symptomatic cases of schistosomiasis are reported worldwide

[[Image:Schistosomiasis world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg.png|thumb|center|Disability-adjusted life year

Demographics

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop schistosomiasis with infections peak in individuals aged 10-19 years.

Race

There is no racial predilection to schistosomiasis.

Gender

Schistosomiasis affects men and women equally.

=Geographic Disrtubution

The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia and in the Middle East. *Schistosoma mansoni is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; S. haematobium in Africa and the Middle East; and S. japonicum in the Far East.
S. mekongi and S. intercalatum are found locally in Southeast Asia and central West Africa, respectively.

Organ involved	Species	Geographical distribution
Intestinal schistosomiasis	Schistosoma mansoni	Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname
	Schistosoma japonicum	China, Indonesia, the Philippines
	Schistosoma mekongi	Several districts of Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
	Schistosoma guineensis S. intercalatum	Rain forest areas of central Africa
Urogenital schistosomiasis	Schistoma haematobium	Africa, the Middle East, Corsica (France)

The disease is endemic in 74-76 developing countries,^{[verification needed]} infecting more than 207 million people, 85% of whom live in Africa.^[1]

References

↑ Oliveira, G. (2004). "Genome and Genomics of Schistosomes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (2): 375–90. doi:10.1139/Z03-220. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

[1] Oliveira, G. (2004). "Genome and Genomics of Schistosomes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (2): 375–90. doi:10.1139/Z03-220. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

[1]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia and in the Middle East. ''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]'' is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; ''S. haematobium'' in Africa and the Middle East; and ''S. japonicum'' in the Far East.  ''S. mekongi'' and ''S. intercalatum'' are found focally in Southeast Asia and central West Africa, respectively.
-==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+==Epidemiology==
-An estimated 207 million people have the disease, 120 million symptomatic.  A few countries have eradicated the disease, and many more are working towards it. The [[World Health Organization]] is promoting efforts working towards this goal. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and/or consequent destruction of snail habitat has reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The most common way of getting schistosomiasis in developing countries is by wading or swimming in lakes, ponds and other bodies of water which are infested with the snails (usually of the ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', or ''Oncomelania'' genus) that are the [[natural reservoir]]s of the ''Schistosoma'' pathogen.
+===Incidence and prevalence===
+*More than 600 million persons are exposed to Schistosoma parasites, 200 million persons are infected, and 20 million symptomatic cases of schistosomiasis are reported worldwide
+[[Image:Schistosomiasis world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg.png|thumb|center|[[Disability-adjusted life year]]
+==Demographics==
+===Age===
+Patients of all age groups may develop schistosomiasis with infections peak in individuals aged 10-19 years.
+===Race===
+*There is no racial predilection to schistosomiasis.
+===Gender===
+*Schistosomiasis affects men and women equally.
+===Geographic Disrtubution==
+*The disease is found in [[Tropics|tropical]] countries in [[Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], eastern [[South America]], [[Southeast Asia]] and in the [[Middle East]]. *''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]'' is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; ''S. haematobium'' in Africa and the Middle East; and ''S. japonicum'' in the [[Far East]].
+*''S. mekongi'' and ''S. intercalatum'' are found locally in [[Southeast Asia]] and central [[West Africa]], respectively.
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Organ involved
+!Species
+!Geographical distribution
+|-
+| rowspan="4" |Intestinal schistosomiasis
+|Schistosoma mansoni
+|Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname
+|-
+|Schistosoma japonicum
+|China, Indonesia, the Philippines
+|-
+|Schistosoma mekongi
+|Several districts of Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
+|-
+|Schistosoma guineensis
-[[Image:Schistosomiasis world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg.png|thumb|center|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for schistosomiasis per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants.<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
+S. intercalatum
-{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
+|Rain forest areas of central Africa
-{{legend|#ffff65|less than 50}}
+|-
-{{legend|#fff200|50-75}}
+|Urogenital schistosomiasis
-{{legend|#ffdc00|75-100}}
+|Schistoma haematobium
-{{legend|#ffc600|100-150}}
+|Africa, the Middle East, Corsica (France)
-{{legend|#ffb000|150-200}}
+|}
-{{legend|#ff9a00|200-250}}
-{{legend|#ff8400|250-300}}
-{{legend|#ff6e00|300-350}}
-{{legend|#ff5800|350-400}}
-{{legend|#ff4200|400-450}}
-{{legend|#ff2c00|450-500}}
-{{legend|#cb0000|more than 500}}
-</div>]]
-The disease is found in [[Tropics|tropical]] countries in [[Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], eastern [[South America]], [[Southeast Asia]] and in the [[Middle East]]. ''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]'' is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; ''S. haematobium'' in Africa and the Middle East; and ''S. japonicum'' in the [[Far East]]. ''S. mekongi'' and ''S. intercalatum'' are found locally in [[Southeast Asia]] and central [[West Africa]], respectively.
-Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis (sometimes called bilharziasis) ranks second behind [[malaria]] in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas. The disease is endemic in 74-76 developing countries,{{Verify source|November 2009|date=November 2009}} infecting more than 207&nbsp;million people, 85% of whom live in Africa. They live in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas, and placing more than 700&nbsp;million people at risk.<ref>{{cite journal
+The disease is endemic in 74-76 developing countries,{{Verify source|November 2009|date=November 2009}} infecting more than 207&nbsp;million people, 85% of whom live in Africa.<ref>{{cite journal
   | author = Oliveira, G.
   | coauthors = Rodrigues N.B., Romanha, A.J., Bahia, D.
@@ Line 38: / Line 57: @@
   | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nrc/cjz/2004/00000082/00000002/art00012
   }}</ref>
-Of the infected patients, 20&nbsp;million suffer severe consequences from the disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM |title=Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=307–10 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=10072156 }}</ref> Some estimate that there are approximately 20,000 deaths related to schistosomiasis yearly.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In many areas, schistosomiasis infects a large proportion of children under 14 years of age. An estimated 600&nbsp;million people worldwide are at risk from the disease.
-A few countries have eradicated the disease, and many more are working toward it.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The [[World Health Organization]] is promoting these efforts. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and/or consequent destruction of snail habitat has reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The most common way of getting schistosomiasis in developing countries is by wading or swimming in lakes, ponds and other bodies of water that are infested with the [[snail]]s (usually of the genera ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', or ''[[Oncomelania]]'') that are the [[natural reservoir]]s of the ''Schistosoma'' pathogen.
 ==References==