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===Risk factors===
===Risk factors===
: Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:  
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765  }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1166483">{{cite journal| author=Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL| title=Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. | journal=Steroids | year= 1975 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-56 | pmid=1166483 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1166483  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5658367">{{cite journal| author=Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO| title=Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1968 | volume= 69 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-72 | pmid=5658367 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5658367  }} </ref>


====Common Risk Factors====
====Common Risk Factors====

Revision as of 19:47, 10 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]

Overview

  • There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

  • The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Risk Factors

  • There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

  • The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
    • [risk factor 1]
    • [risk factor 2]
    • [risk factor 3]

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
    • [risk factor 1]
    • [risk factor 2]
    • [risk factor 3]

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][6][7][8]


Common Risk Factors

  • Idiopathic
  • Drugs[1]
    • Spironolactone[2]
    • Cimetidine
    • Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
    • Estrogens
    • Human Chorionic gonadotropin
    • Anti-androgens
    • Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GNRH) agonists
    • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors[3]
    • Ketoconazole
    • steroids
    • INH
    • Digoxin[4]
  • Cirrhosis
  • Starvation and Refeeding[5]
  • Male hypogonadism[6]
  • Testicular neoplasms[6]
  • Hyperthyroidism[7]
  • Chronic Kidney disease[8]

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Feminizing adrenal tumors
  • Ectopic hCG
  • Disorders of sex development
  • Familial prepubertal gynecomastia

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG (1976). "Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent". Arzneimittelforschung. 26 (7): 1300–3. PMID 12765.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH (1977). "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia". Ann Intern Med. 87 (4): 398–403. PMID 907238.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 JACOBS EC (1948). "Gynecomastia following severe starvation". Ann Intern Med. 28 (4): 792–7. PMID 18911010.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM (1985). "Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications". Cancer. 56 (10): 2534–8. PMID 4042075.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL (1975). "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver". Steroids. 26 (1): 47–56. PMID 1166483.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO (1968). "Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis". Ann Intern Med. 69 (1): 67–72. PMID 5658367.

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