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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
* [[Cryptococci]] were first identified in 1894 by German [[pathologist]] Otto Busse in a patient with chronic [[periostitis]] of the [[tibia]]. He described the isolated organism as a "''[[Saccharomyces]]''-like" [[pathogen]].<ref name="pmid24375706">{{cite journal| author=Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL| title=Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen. | journal=Yeast | year= 2014 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 47-60 | pmid=24375706 | doi=10.1002/yea.2997 | * [[Cryptococci]] were first identified in 1894 by German [[pathologist]] Otto Busse in a patient with chronic [[periostitis]] of the [[tibia]]. He described the isolated organism as a "''[[Saccharomyces]]''-like" [[pathogen]].<ref name="pmid24375706">{{cite journal| author=Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL| title=Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen. | journal=Yeast | year= 2014 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 47-60 | pmid=24375706 | doi=10.1002/yea.2997 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24375706 }} </ref> | ||
* The [[infection]] was referred to as "Busse-Buschke" disease named after Busse and his colleague, [[dermatologist]] Abraham Buschke.<ref name="pmid7739651">{{cite journal| author=Knoke M, Schwesinger G| title=One hundred years ago: the history of cryptococcosis in Greifswald. Medical mycology in the nineteenth century. | journal=Mycoses | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 229-33 | pmid=7739651 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7739651 }} </ref> | * The [[infection]] was referred to as "Busse-Buschke" disease named after Busse and his colleague, [[dermatologist]] Abraham Buschke.<ref name="pmid7739651">{{cite journal| author=Knoke M, Schwesinger G| title=One hundred years ago: the history of cryptococcosis in Greifswald. Medical mycology in the nineteenth century. | journal=Mycoses | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 229-33 | pmid=7739651 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7739651 }} </ref> | ||
* Busse later named the organism ''[[Saccharomyces Genome Database|Saccharomyces]] hominis''. | * Busse later named the organism ''[[Saccharomyces Genome Database|Saccharomyces]] hominis''. | ||
* During the same time period, Francesco Sanfelice reported isolating a similar organism from [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermenting]] peach juice. Because of its unique colony form, he referred to the species as ''[[Saccharomyces]] neoformans''. | * During the same time period, Francesco Sanfelice reported isolating a similar organism from [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermenting]] peach juice. Because of its unique colony form, he referred to the species as ''[[Saccharomyces]] neoformans''. | ||
* In 1901, Jean Paul Vuillemin, a French [[mycologist]], transferred the yeast-like [[fungus]] to the [[genus]] ''[[Cryptococcus]]'' due to the absence of ascospores in its life cycle, a defining feature of ''[[Saccharomyces]]''.<ref name="book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T. The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study. 2011</ref> | * In 1901, Jean Paul Vuillemin, a French [[mycologist]], transferred the yeast-like [[fungus]] to the [[genus]] ''[[Cryptococcus]]'' due to the absence of ascospores in its life cycle, a defining feature of ''[[Saccharomyces]]''.<ref name="book">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T. The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study. 2011</ref> | ||
* In the 1950s, four [[Capsule (anatomy)|capsule]] serotypes (A through D) were identified using rabbit [[antisera]]. This classification was later improved by [[DNA sequencing]], [[epidemiology]], and pathobiology.<ref name="pmid24375706">{{cite journal| author=Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL| title=Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen. | journal=Yeast | year= 2014 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 47-60 | pmid=24375706 | doi=10.1002/yea.2997 | * In the 1950s, four [[Capsule (anatomy)|capsule]] serotypes (A through D) were identified using rabbit [[antisera]]. This classification was later improved by [[DNA sequencing]], [[epidemiology]], and pathobiology.<ref name="pmid24375706">{{cite journal| author=Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL| title=Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen. | journal=Yeast | year= 2014 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 47-60 | pmid=24375706 | doi=10.1002/yea.2997 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24375706 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15415610">{{cite journal| author=EVANS EE| title=The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. A serologic classification by means of the capsular and agglutination reactions. | journal=J Immunol | year= 1950 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= 423-30 | pmid=15415610 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15415610 }} </ref> | ||
* Until 1999, ''[[Cryptococcus gattii]]'' was known as ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' var ''gattii'', until it was recognized as separate [[species]] with distinct [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] patterns and clinical manifestations.<ref name="pmid23697746">{{cite journal| author=Rolston KV| title=Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 552-4 | pmid=23697746 | doi=10.1093/cid/cit342 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23697746 }} </ref> | * Until 1999, ''[[Cryptococcus gattii]]'' was known as ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' var ''gattii'', until it was recognized as separate [[species]] with distinct [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] patterns and clinical manifestations.<ref name="pmid23697746">{{cite journal| author=Rolston KV| title=Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 552-4 | pmid=23697746 | doi=10.1093/cid/cit342 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23697746 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D.; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Cryptococci, initially thought to be of the Saccharomyces genus, were first identified in 1894 by German pathologist Otto Busse in a patient with chronic periostitis of the tibia. In 1901, Jean Paul Vuillemin, a French mycologist, moved the yeast-like fungus to the genus Cryptococcus due to the absence of ascospores in its life cycle, a defining feature of Saccharomyces.
Historical Perspective
- Cryptococci were first identified in 1894 by German pathologist Otto Busse in a patient with chronic periostitis of the tibia. He described the isolated organism as a "Saccharomyces-like" pathogen.[1]
- The infection was referred to as "Busse-Buschke" disease named after Busse and his colleague, dermatologist Abraham Buschke.[2]
- Busse later named the organism Saccharomyces hominis.
- During the same time period, Francesco Sanfelice reported isolating a similar organism from fermenting peach juice. Because of its unique colony form, he referred to the species as Saccharomyces neoformans.
- In 1901, Jean Paul Vuillemin, a French mycologist, transferred the yeast-like fungus to the genus Cryptococcus due to the absence of ascospores in its life cycle, a defining feature of Saccharomyces.[3]
- In the 1950s, four capsule serotypes (A through D) were identified using rabbit antisera. This classification was later improved by DNA sequencing, epidemiology, and pathobiology.[1][4]
- Until 1999, Cryptococcus gattii was known as Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii, until it was recognized as separate species with distinct epidemiological patterns and clinical manifestations.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL (2014). "Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen". Yeast. 31 (2): 47–60. doi:10.1002/yea.2997. PMID 24375706.
- ↑ Knoke M, Schwesinger G (1994). "One hundred years ago: the history of cryptococcosis in Greifswald. Medical mycology in the nineteenth century". Mycoses. 37 (7–8): 229–33. PMID 7739651.
- ↑ Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T. The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study. 2011
- ↑ EVANS EE (1950). "The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. A serologic classification by means of the capsular and agglutination reactions". J Immunol. 64 (5): 423–30. PMID 15415610.
- ↑ Rolston KV (2013). "Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii". Clin Infect Dis. 57 (4): 552–4. doi:10.1093/cid/cit342. PMID 23697746.