Bronchiolitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Bronchiolitis has a different range of [[risk factors]] that can be differentiated based on the age. In adults, common risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to [[cigarette]] smoke, living in crowded areas, and being [[immunocompromised]]. In [[infants]], the [[risk factors]] include age < 6 months, lack of [[breast-feeding|breastfeeding]], [[prematurity]] | Bronchiolitis has a different range of [[risk factors]] that can be differentiated based on the age. In adults, common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to [[cigarette]] smoke, living in crowded areas, and being [[immunocompromised]]. In [[infants]], the [[risk factors]] include age < 6 months, lack of [[breast-feeding|breastfeeding]], [[prematurity]] and having a history of or suffering from [[congenital heart diseases]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common risk factors in infants and children=== | ===Common risk factors in infants and children=== | ||
The following characteristics of infants and children put them at a higher risk of bronchiolitis | The following characteristics of [[infants]] and children may put them at a higher risk of [[infectious]] bronchiolitis:<ref name="Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)">CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid26735994">{{cite journal| author=Meissner HC| title=Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 1 | pages= 62-72 | pmid=26735994 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1413456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26735994 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21817948">{{cite journal| author=Stockman LJ, Curns AT, Anderson LJ, Fischer-Langley G| title=Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997-2006. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2012 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-9 | pmid=21817948 | doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e31822e68e6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817948 }} </ref> | ||
*Prematurity, as the maternal transfer of [[immunoglobulins]] | *[[Prematurity]], as the maternal transfer of [[immunoglobulins]] occurs during the [[Trimester|last trimester]] | ||
*Young children affected with [[congenital heart diseases]] are at high risk due to decreased [[cardiac output]].<ref name="pmid14571236">{{cite journal| author=Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH et al.| title=Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-40 | pmid=14571236 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14571236 }} </ref> These diseases include: | *Young children affected with [[congenital heart diseases]] are at high risk, due to decreased [[cardiac output]].<ref name="pmid14571236">{{cite journal| author=Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH et al.| title=Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-40 | pmid=14571236 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14571236 }} </ref> These diseases include: | ||
**[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | **[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
**[[Congestive heart failure]] | **[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*Lack of [[breast-feeding]] | *Lack of [[breast-feeding]] | ||
*Children and infants infected by chronic [[lung disease]] | *Children and [[infants]] infected by chronic [[lung disease]] | ||
*[[Immunocompromised]] children | *[[Immunocompromised]] children | ||
===Common risk factors in adults=== | ===Common risk factors in adults=== | ||
*Exposure to [[cigarette smoke]] | *Exposure to [[cigarette smoke]] | ||
*Living in crowded conditions | *Living in crowded conditions | ||
*Being [[immunocompromised]] | *Being [[immunocompromised]] | ||
* | *Old age, especially with an underlying [[Heart disease|heart]] or lung disease. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:21, 21 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Bronchiolitis has a different range of risk factors that can be differentiated based on the age. In adults, common risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to cigarette smoke, living in crowded areas, and being immunocompromised. In infants, the risk factors include age < 6 months, lack of breastfeeding, prematurity and having a history of or suffering from congenital heart diseases.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in infants and children
The following characteristics of infants and children may put them at a higher risk of infectious bronchiolitis:[1][2][3]
- Prematurity, as the maternal transfer of immunoglobulins occurs during the last trimester
- Young children affected with congenital heart diseases are at high risk, due to decreased cardiac output.[4] These diseases include:
- Lack of breast-feeding
- Children and infants infected by chronic lung disease
- Immunocompromised children
Common risk factors in adults
- Exposure to cigarette smoke
- Living in crowded conditions
- Being immunocompromised
- Old age, especially with an underlying heart or lung disease.
References
- ↑ CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017
- ↑ Meissner HC (2016). "Viral Bronchiolitis in Children". N Engl J Med. 374 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1413456. PMID 26735994.
- ↑ Stockman LJ, Curns AT, Anderson LJ, Fischer-Langley G (2012). "Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997-2006". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 31 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31822e68e6. PMID 21817948.
- ↑ Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH; et al. (2003). "Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease". J Pediatr. 143 (4): 532–40. PMID 14571236.