Hypopituitarism causes: Difference between revisions
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== Etiology based on anatomical location of pathology: == | == Etiology based on anatomical location of pathology: == | ||
Hypopituitarism can be classified based upon the anatomical location of pathology such as hypothalamus or pituitary gland. | Hypopituitarism can be classified based upon the anatomical location of pathology such as hypothalamus or pituitary gland.<ref name="pmid8416438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D, Mick G, McCormick K, Raubertas RF, Rubin P |title=Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=328 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |year=1993 |pmid=8416438 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199301143280203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3098456">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lam KS, Wang C, Yeung RT, Ma JT, Ho JH, Tse VK, Ling N |title=Hypothalamic hypopituitarism following cranial irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=643–51 |year=1986 |pmid=3098456 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21613351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Kokshoorn NE, Dekkers OM, Neelis KJ, Biermasz NR, Romijn JA, Smit JW, Pereira AM |title=Pituitary dysfunction in adult patients after cranial radiotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=8 |pages=2330–40 |year=2011 |pmid=21613351 |pmc=3146793 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-0306 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10770168">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaltsas GA, Powles TB, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Drinkwater JE, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB |title=Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1370–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10770168 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22015494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imashuku S, Kudo N, Kaneda S, Kuroda H, Shiwa T, Hiraiwa T, Inagaki A, Morimoto A |title=Treatment of patients with hypothalamic-pituitary lesions as adult-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis |journal=Int. J. Hematol. |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=556–60 |year=2011 |pmid=22015494 |doi=10.1007/s12185-011-0955-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8460856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lam KS, Sham MM, Tam SC, Ng MM, Ma HT |title=Hypopituitarism after tuberculous meningitis in childhood |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=701–6 |year=1993 |pmid=8460856 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24646812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morichika D, Sato-Hisamoto A, Hotta K, Takata K, Iwaki N, Uchida K, Minami D, Kubo T, Tanimoto M, Kiura K |title=Fatal Candida septic shock during systemic chemotherapy in lung cancer patient receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy for hypopituitarism: a case report |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=501–5 |year=2014 |pmid=24646812 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyu019 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21922454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harbeck B, Klose S, Buchfelder M, Brabant G, Lehnert H |title=Hypopituitarism in a HIV affected patient |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=633–5 |year=2011 |pmid=21922454 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1284366 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3018425">{{cite journal |vauthors=Edwards OM, Clark JD |title=Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=281–90 |year=1986 |pmid=3018425 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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!Anatomical location | !Anatomical location | ||
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|Genetic mutations | |Genetic mutations | ||
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==Genetic Causes== | ==Genetic Causes== | ||
Hypopituitarism is caused by mutation in any one of the following genes. | Hypopituitarism is caused by mutation in any one of the following genes. | ||
Revision as of 17:58, 31 August 2017
|
Hypopituitarism Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Cause
Common Causes
Causes can be classified based upon the etiology such as congenital or acquired.
| Etiology | Underlying cause/disease | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Congeital | Idiopathic | |
| Anatomic lesion in sella | Primary empty sella syndrome, Rathke's cyst | |
| CNS malformations | septo-optic- dysplasia, Kallmann syndrome, and pituitary
stalk interruption syndrome | |
| Acquired | Pituitary tumor | mainly displacing macroadenoma |
| Craniopharyngeoma | ||
| Surgery | Transsphenoidal or transcranial surgery in
the hypothalamo-pituitary region | |
| Radiation | ||
| Systemic cancer treatment | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | ||
| Sheehan's syndrome | ||
| Apolplexy | ||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | ||
| Meningitis | ||
| Hypophysitis | ||
| Meningioma | in sellar region | |
| Lymphoma | ||
| Wegner's granulomatosis | ||
| Hemochromatosis |
Less common causes:
Less common causes of hypopituitarism include:[1]
- Peri-natal insults
- Genetic causes, such as Kallman syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome and Rieger syndrome. To see a complete list of genetic causes, click here.
- Trauma
- Pituitary hypoplasia or aplasia
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Changes in body weight
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Emotional disorders
- Empty Sella Syndrome
- Habitual exercise
- Head Trauma
- Hemochromatosis
- Infection
- Fungal
- Malaria
- Meningitis
- Syphillis
- Tuberculosis
- Ischemic nerosis of the pituitary
- Anticoagulant therapy
- Arteriosclerosis
- Arteritis temporalis
- Blood dyscrasias
- Brain Trauma
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Eclampsia
- Increased cranial pressure
- Sheehan's Syndrome
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Tumor
- Iatrogenic
- Parasellar tumor/pituitary compression
- Craniopharyngioma
- Chromophobe adenoma
- Intracranial cartoid branch aneurysm
- Lymphoma
- Meningioma
- Metasteses
- Optic nerve neuroma
|
Hypopituitarism Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes |
Etiology based on anatomical location of pathology:
Hypopituitarism can be classified based upon the anatomical location of pathology such as hypothalamus or pituitary gland.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
| Anatomical location | Cause |
|---|---|
| Hypothalmic | Mass lesions
|
| Radiation : CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies | |
| Infections: Tuberculous meningitis | |
Infiltrative lesions:
| |
Other :
| |
| Pituitary | Mass lesions:
|
| Pituitary radiation | |
| Pituitary surgery | |
| Infection/abscess | |
Infiltrative lesions:
2. Hemochromatosis | |
| Infarction: Sheehan syndrome | |
| Apoplexy | |
| Empty sella | |
| Genetic mutations |
Genetic Causes
Hypopituitarism is caused by mutation in any one of the following genes.
| Isolated
hormone abnormalities |
Gene | Inheritance | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| GH1 | AR, AD | Isolated GH deficiency | |
| GHRHR | AR | Isolated GH deficiency | |
| TSHB | AR | Isolated TSH deficiency | |
| TRHR | AR | Isolated TSH deficiency | |
| TPIT | AR | Isolated ACTH deficiency | |
| GnRHR | AR | HH | |
| PC1 | AR | ACTH deficiency, hypoglycemia, HH, obesity | |
| POMC | AR | ACTH deficiency, obesity, red hair | |
| DAX1 | XL | Adrenal hypoplasia congenital and HH | |
| CRH | AR | CRH deficiency | |
| KAL1 | XL | Kallman syndrome, renal agenesis, synkinesia | |
| FGFR1 | AD, AR | Kallman syndrome, cleft lip and palate, facial dysmorphism | |
| Leptin | AR | HH, obesity | |
| Leptin-R | AR | HH, obesity | |
| GPR54 | AR | HH | |
| Kisspeptin | AR | HH | |
| FSHB | AR | Primary amenorrhea, defective spermatogenesis | |
| LHB | AR | Delayed puberty | |
| PROK2 | AD | Kallman syndrome, severe sleep disorder, obesity | |
| PROKR2 | AD, AR | Kallman syndrome | |
| AVP-NPII | AR, AD | Diabetes insipidus | |
| Combined pituitary hormone deficiency | POU1F1 | AR, AD | GH, TSH and prolactin deficiencies |
| PROP1 | AR | GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and evolving ACTH deficiencies | |
| Specific syndromes | HESX1 | AR, AD | Septo-optic dysplasia |
| LHX3 | AR | GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin deficiencies, limited neck rotation | |
| LHX4 | AD | GH, TSH, ACTH deficiencies with cerebellar abnormalities | |
| SOX3 | XL | Hypopituitarism and mental retardation | |
| GLI2 | AD | Holoprosencephaly and multiple midline defects | |
| SOX2 | AD | Anophthalmia, hypopituitarism, oesophageal atresia | |
| GLI3 | AD | Pallister-Hall syndrome | |
| PITX2 | AD | Rieger syndrome |
References
- ↑ "Pituitary insufficiency - ScienceDirect".
- ↑ Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D, Mick G, McCormick K, Raubertas RF, Rubin P (1993). "Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM199301143280203. PMID 8416438.
- ↑ Lam KS, Wang C, Yeung RT, Ma JT, Ho JH, Tse VK, Ling N (1986). "Hypothalamic hypopituitarism following cranial irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 24 (6): 643–51. PMID 3098456.
- ↑ Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Kokshoorn NE, Dekkers OM, Neelis KJ, Biermasz NR, Romijn JA, Smit JW, Pereira AM (2011). "Pituitary dysfunction in adult patients after cranial radiotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (8): 2330–40. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0306. PMC 3146793. PMID 21613351.
- ↑ Kaltsas GA, Powles TB, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Drinkwater JE, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB (2000). "Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (4): 1370–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501. PMID 10770168.
- ↑ Imashuku S, Kudo N, Kaneda S, Kuroda H, Shiwa T, Hiraiwa T, Inagaki A, Morimoto A (2011). "Treatment of patients with hypothalamic-pituitary lesions as adult-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis". Int. J. Hematol. 94 (6): 556–60. doi:10.1007/s12185-011-0955-z. PMID 22015494.
- ↑ Lam KS, Sham MM, Tam SC, Ng MM, Ma HT (1993). "Hypopituitarism after tuberculous meningitis in childhood". Ann. Intern. Med. 118 (9): 701–6. PMID 8460856.
- ↑ Morichika D, Sato-Hisamoto A, Hotta K, Takata K, Iwaki N, Uchida K, Minami D, Kubo T, Tanimoto M, Kiura K (2014). "Fatal Candida septic shock during systemic chemotherapy in lung cancer patient receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy for hypopituitarism: a case report". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 44 (5): 501–5. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyu019. PMID 24646812.
- ↑ Harbeck B, Klose S, Buchfelder M, Brabant G, Lehnert H (2011). "Hypopituitarism in a HIV affected patient". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 119 (10): 633–5. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1284366. PMID 21922454.
- ↑ Edwards OM, Clark JD (1986). "Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 65 (5): 281–90. PMID 3018425.