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*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.<ref name="pmid15128357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML |title=Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=894–904 |year=2004 |pmid=15128357 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlGliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001650859291172Z |title=Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16354797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA |title=Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins |journal=Gut |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=803–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16354797 |pmc=1856233 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.083964 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2909659">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E |title=Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=345–50 |year=1989 |pmid=2909659 |pmc=2189170 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11081540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G |title=Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9240 |pages=1494–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11081540 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17032199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M |title=Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=2333–40 |year=2006 |pmid=17032199 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16984219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A |title=In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e358 |year=2006 |pmid=16984219 |pmc=1569884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358 |url=}}</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.<ref name="pmid15128357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML |title=Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=894–904 |year=2004 |pmid=15128357 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlGliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001650859291172Z |title=Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16354797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA |title=Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins |journal=Gut |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=803–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16354797 |pmc=1856233 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.083964 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2909659">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E |title=Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=345–50 |year=1989 |pmid=2909659 |pmc=2189170 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11081540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G |title=Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9240 |pages=1494–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11081540 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17032199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M |title=Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=2333–40 |year=2006 |pmid=17032199 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16984219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A |title=In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e358 |year=2006 |pmid=16984219 |pmc=1569884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12891534">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molberg Ø, Solheim Flaete N, Jensen T, Lundin KE, Arentz-Hansen H, Anderson OD, Kjersti Uhlen A, Sollid LM |title=Intestinal T-cell responses to high-molecular-weight glutenins in celiac disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=337–44 |year=2003 |pmid=12891534 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease include:
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease include:
**Family history
**Family history

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

Positive family history and presence of autoimmune diseases are the most potent risk factors for celiac disease.

Risk Factors

The most potent risk factors for development of celiac disease is positive family history. It can increase the prevalence of celiac disease up to 20% especially in first degree relatives.[1] Other important risk factor is presence of autoimmune diseases which include:[2]


Overview

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Risk Factors

  • There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

  • The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  • Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease include:
    • Family history
    • HLA DQ2 and DQ8 genes
    • Interferon-alpha
    • Rotavirus
    • Rod shaped bacteria

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:[11]
    • Infant feeding practices
      • Introduction of large amounts of gluten diet
      • Exclusive gluten diet
      • No breastfeeding

References

  1. ↑ Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, Elitsur Y, Green PH, Guandalini S, Hill ID, Pietzak M, Ventura A, Thorpe M, Kryszak D, Fornaroli F, Wasserman SS, Murray JA, Horvath K (2003). "Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (3): 286–92. PMID 12578508.
  2. ↑ Murray JA (2005). "Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis?". Gastroenterology. 128 (4 Suppl 1): S52–6. PMID 15825127.
  3. ↑ Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML (2004). "Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (5): 894–904. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x. PMID 15128357.
  4. ↑ "Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect".
  5. ↑ Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA (2006). "Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins". Gut. 55 (6): 803–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.083964. PMC 1856233. PMID 16354797.
  6. ↑ Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E (1989). "Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer". J. Exp. Med. 169 (1): 345–50. PMC 2189170. PMID 2909659.
  7. ↑ Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G (2000). "Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C". Lancet. 356 (9240): 1494–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4. PMID 11081540.
  8. ↑ Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M (2006). "Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (10): 2333–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x. PMID 17032199.
  9. ↑ Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A (2006). "In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes". PLoS Med. 3 (9): e358. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358. PMC 1569884. PMID 16984219.
  10. ↑ Molberg Ø, Solheim Flaete N, Jensen T, Lundin KE, Arentz-Hansen H, Anderson OD, Kjersti Uhlen A, Sollid LM (2003). "Intestinal T-cell responses to high-molecular-weight glutenins in celiac disease". Gastroenterology. 125 (2): 337–44. PMID 12891534.
  11. ↑ Ivarsson A, Hernell O, Stenlund H, Persson LA (2002). "Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 (5): 914–21. PMID 11976167.

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