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| {{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Theories of puberty'''}}
| | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01='''''Preinsulin era'''''<br> •The treatment modalities used for diabetic coma include blood transfusion, castor oil with potassium citrate, and saline solutions with sodium carbonate among other therapies. |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01='''''Granville Stanley Hall'''''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education.G. Stanley Hall, Ph. D., LL. D., President of Clark University and Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy. (New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1904.)|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=2|year=1904|pages=375–381|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.61.2.375}}</ref> <br> 1844-1924|B02= '''Biogenetic psychologic theory'''|B03= • First [[psychologist]] that describe the [[puberty]] and [[adolescence]] scientifically. <br>• Describes the period as '''"storm and stress"''' period. <br>• A new birth, "for the higher and more completely human traits are now born" <br>• The period is corresponding to last stage of development- Maturity. | |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Sigmund Freud'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Muuss | first = Rolf | title = Theories of adolescence | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 0070442673 }}</ref> <br> 1856-1939|B02= '''Psychoanalytic theory'''|B03= • This stage of life could be seen phylogenetically. <br>• The developmental stages of psychosexuality are completely defined by genetic factors and are not dependent to environmental issues. <br> • A holistic pathway influenced by social, emotional, and also behavioral situations.
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Eduard Spranger'''''<ref> {{Citation | author1=Spranger, Eduard | author2=Pigors, Paul John William, 1900- | title=Types of men : the psychology and ethics of personality | publication-date=1966 | publisher=(Saale) M. Niemeyer, 1928 | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16286967 | accessdate=29 August 2017 }}</ref> <br> 1882-1963|B02= '''Philosophy of culture theory'''|B03= • Describes the [[adolescence]] period and [[puberty]] as a distinct stage of life with its specific characteristics. <br>• The [[puberty]] is the age that disorganized mental structure of the child become in utmost maturity.<br>• The "dominant value direction" of [[adolescent]] would be the main [[personality]] identifier. | | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''1930–1950'''''<br> •The usual practice was to use insulin in 20–100 units i.v. or s.c. bolus followed by 20 units s.c. every 30–60 min depending on glucosuria. |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Otto Rank'''''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rank, O. Will therapy & Truth and reality. New York: Knopf, 1945. Pp. 307. $3.00|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=2|issue=2|year=1946|pages=199–199|issn=00219762|doi=10.1002/1097-4679(194604)2:2<199::AID-JCLP2270020220>3.0.CO;2-L}}</ref> | | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''1950–1970s'''''<br> • In that period, the insulin was given as 2 units/kg bolus of crystalline insulin; up to 920 units in the first 7 h. |
| <br> 1884-1939|B02= '''Independence theory'''|B03= • Criticize the major role of sexuality in this process, and assume '''''"will"''''' as the main controller of sexuality. <br>• The main part of [[puberty]] is to change from dependence to independence. <br>• Beginning of the [[puberty]], the [[adolescent]] start to struggle with dependency, both externally (parents, society, and laws) and internally (self cravings as instinctual urges). <br>• No need to externally limit or inhibit sexualism, through which the [[adolescent]] is finding independence in front of biological needs' dominance.
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Leta Hollingworth'''''<ref> {{Citation | title=The psychology of the [[adolescent]], by Leta S. Hollingworth | author1=Hollingworth, Leta S. (Leta Stetter), 1886-1939 | publisher=D. Appleton and Company | language=English}} </ref> <br> 1886-1939|B02= '''Continuity of development theory'''|B03= • Believes that [[puberty]] is based on continuity and progresses gradually, not through distinct stages. <br>• Biological and social changes during [[puberty]] are not correlated. | | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''Early 1970s'''''<br> • Insulin was given as low-dose insulin regimens with Regular insulin 0.1 units/kg i.v. followed by 0.1–0.3 units/h i.v., s.c., or i.m. |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Anna Freud'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Freud | first = Anna | title = The ego and the mechanisms of defense | publisher = Hogarth P. for the Institute of Psycho-Analysis | location = London | year = 1968 | isbn = 9780701201050 }} </ref> <br> 1895-1982|B02= '''Defense mechanism theory'''|B03= • The most important factor in formation of person's character is [[puberty]]. <br>• Normal progression may encounter the obstacle, in which [[id]] is overriding the [[ego]]. <br>• The defense mechanisms of [[ego]] against id are the main determinant of [[puberty]] process and outcome. | | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''1990s'''''<br> • Insulin was administered as 0.1 units/kg i.v. bolus, then 0.1 units/kg/h as continuous infusion until glucose level <13.8 mmol/L (250 mg/dL) |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Jean Piaget'''''<ref> {{cite book | last = Piaget | first = Jean | title = The psychology of intelligence | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0415254014 }}</ref> <br> 1896-1980|B02= '''Cognitive theory'''|B03= • The main step in [[puberty]] is growing of logical thinking. <br>• The final stage of egocentrism happens at [[puberty]], transitioning from childhood to adulthood. | | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''2004–2009'''''<br> • ADA consensus for treatment of DKA and HHS in adult patients according to which Initial bolus (0.1 units/kg i.v.), followed by 0.1 units/kg/h until glucose <250 mg/dL, then reduce insulin by 50% |
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Erik Erikson'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Erikson | first = Erik | title = Identity, youth, and crisis | publisher = W.W. Norton | location = New York | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0393311440 }}</ref> <br> 1902-1994 |B02= '''Identity development theory'''|B03= • Assumes that the most important issue during the period is identity crisis. <br>• The [[adolescent]] has to find the identity, himself/herself, through evaluating the capabilities and weaknesses, and also the way they can be used. <br>• In case the person defeated in finding an stable identity , it may lead to place him/her in self-doubt and role confusion.
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Roger Barker'''''<ref name="urlAdjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability : Roger G. Barker, Beatrice A. Wright, Mollie R. Gonick : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/adjustmenttophys00roge |title=Adjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability : Roger G. Barker, Beatrice A. Wright, Mollie R. Gonick : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> <br> 1903-1990|B02= '''Somatopsychological theory'''|B03= • Evaluates the influence of [[physiological]] changes on behavior by [[puberty]].<br>• These changes are in body dimensions and hormonal secretion, that experience accelerated speed during [[adolescence]]. <br>• These physical changes allow the [[adolescent]]s to present in adult communities, and therefore improving behaviors and beliefs.
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| {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''James Marcia'''''<ref name="Marcia1967">{{cite journal|last1=Marcia|first1=James E.|title=Ego identity status: relationship to change in self-esteem, "general maladjustment," and authoritarianism1|journal=Journal of Personality|volume=35|issue=1|year=1967|pages=118–133|issn=0022-3506|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01419.x}}</ref>
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| <br> 1930s-Now |B02= '''Identity status theory'''|B03= • Describes identity as "an internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs and individual history". <br>• The more the person is going through [[puberty]], the more he/she stabilizes the identity.
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| * Studying the archaic humans in ''Pleistocene'' (i.e., greater than 10,000 years ago), it assumed that [[puberty]] was correlated with [[productivity]] in females. The age of [[menarche]] was between 7 and 13 years.<ref name="pmid16311040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gluckman PD, Hanson MA |title=Evolution, development and timing of puberty |journal=Trends Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |year=2006 |pmid=16311040 |doi=10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006 |url=}}</ref>
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| * Researchers have found that in a [[Turkana Boy|Turkana boy]] (from the species of '''''[[Homo erectus]]''''') from 1.6 million years ago, the [[puberty]] was earlier than today humans; however, their final [[height]] were more than modern humans.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lewin | first = Roger | title = Principles of human evolution | publisher = Blackwell Pub. Co | location = Malden, MA | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780632047048 }}</ref>
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| *The discovery and growth of agriculture in archaic world is the main reason of delaying [[puberty]] age, through a negative impact on child [[growth]]. Agricultural communities in contrast with hunter-gatherer communities, experienced tougher life style and rose with so many [[nutrition]] deficits; that may lead to their delayed [[puberty]].<ref name="pmid12167878">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamond J |title=Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication |journal=Nature |volume=418 |issue=6898 |pages=700–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12167878 |doi=10.1038/nature01019 |url=}}</ref>
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| *On the other hand, more crowded life of agricultural communities, compare with hunter-gatherers, made them more vulnerable to [[infections]], especially [[zoonoses]]. Therefore, child [[mortality rate]] was raised and conclusively the [[puberty]] age was delayed, based on "'''''[[life history theory]]'''''".<ref>{{cite book | last = Stearns | first = S. C. | title = The evolution of life histories | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0198577416 }}</ref>
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| *Regarding that [[Lifestyle|life style]] was growing and the complexity of societies were increasing in the past, the process of becoming adult from child was elongated and delayed puberty happened.<ref name="urlNeocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language on JSTOR">{{cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28199304%2934%3A2%3C184%3ANSGSAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B |title=Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language on JSTOR |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| *In last 150 years, the [[menarche]] age is becoming lower and lower, due to the improvement of [[hygiene]], [[nutrition]], and [[infection control]]. On the other hand, the role of adolescents in society and concluded expectations are increased; therefore, the [[maturation]] necessitated so many qualifications to gather and is delayed more and more. Nowadays, it is the first time in our history that biological [[maturation]] become well preceded from social [[maturation]]. It may encounter the [[adolescents]] to much more pressure, need to reevaluate the place of [[adolescents]] in modern life.<ref>{{cite book | last = Eveleth | first = Phyllis | title = Worldwide variation in human growth | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England New York | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0521359160 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12065922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karlberg J |title=Secular trends in pubertal development |journal=Horm. Res. |volume=57 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=19–30 |year=2002 |pmid=12065922 |doi=58096 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14570750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parent AS, Teilmann G, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Bourguignon JP |title=The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=668–93 |year=2003 |pmid=14570750 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0019 |url=}}</ref>
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| *In 1904, Hall described the puberty as "'''''storm and stress'''''" period. The stage assumed to consist of oppositional and emotionally labile characteristics in [[Adolescent|adolescents]]. The future adulthood [[Quality of life|life quality]] is related to and also influenced from this period outline, significantly.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education.G. Stanley Hall, Ph. D., LL. D., President of Clark University and Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy. (New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1904.)|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=2|year=1904|pages=375–381|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.61.2.375}}</ref>
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| * In 1958, Anna Freud showed that some [[biological]] and [[physiological]] changes during the [[puberty]] are the main factors contributing to "'''''storm and stress'''''".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Freud, Anna |title=Adolescence |journal= The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=13 |issue= |pages=255–278|year=1958 |pmid=|doi= |url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1958.11823182}}</ref>
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| * In 1999, Bogin demonstrate that in human beings the time of [[maturation]] and [[puberty]] is later than other apes; which is due to more complicated childhood [[growth]] process. The suggested age of [[maturation]] in [[chimpanzee]] was 3 years earlier than humans.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bogin | first = Barry | title = Patterns of human growth | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, U.K. New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780521564380 }}</ref>
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