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==Causes==
==Causes==


===Common Causes===
The causes of hemolytic anemia can be divided into etiologies that are intrinsic to red blood cell biology or extrinsic to red blood cell biology. Intrinsic, or intracorpuscular, causes include red blood cell membrane defects or enzyme deficiencies. Extrinsic causes include infections, autoimmune conditions, or drugs.
* [[Hemolytic anemia]] occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells.
 
* If the [[bone marrow]] is able to keep up with the early destruction, [[anemia]] does not occur (this is sometimes called compensated [[hemolysis]]).
===Intrinsic or intracorpuscular===
* There are many types of [[hemolytic anemia]], which are classified by the reason for the premature destruction of red blood cells. The defect may be in the red blood cell itself (intrinsic factors), or outside the red blood cell (extrinsic factors).
====Red blood cell membrane defects====
* Drug side effects: [[Tolbutamide]]
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]  
*[[Alpha thalassemia]]
*[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
*[[Hereditary elliptocytosis]]
*Unstable [[hemoglobin]] variants and [[hemoglobinopathies]]
 
====Red blood cell enzyme deficiencies====
*[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
*[[Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency]]


===Intrinsic or Intracorpuscular===
* Commonly hereditary in nature exceptions, [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] and acquired [[alpha thalassemia]]
* Occurs secondary to abnormalities in RBC components such as [[hemoglobin]], RBC membranes (alpha or beta globin chains in thalassemia, [[hereditary spherocytosis]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]), [[glycolysis]], and reducing power of the RBC.
===Extrinsic factors===
===Extrinsic factors===
* Commonly acquired in nature
Extrinsic factors refers to those that are commonly acquired in nature and have an adverse effect on red blood cells.
* Antibodies against RBC membrane such as seen in [[autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[alloimmune hemolytic anemia]], delayed [hemolytic] transfusion reaction, some drug-induced hemolytic anemias)
 
* RBC destructions secondary to trauma as seen in valvular malfunctioning, [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]] and [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
====Infections====
* Infections - [[malaria]], [[babesiosis]], [[clostridium perfringens]]  
*[[Shiga-toxin]] from [[enterohemorrhagic ''E. coli'' strain O157:H&]]
* Oxidative stress such as aniline dyes, [[dapsone]], [[pyridium]] in normal patients or with [[G6PD deficiency]], congenital [[methemoglobinemia]], or unstable hemoglobin variants.
*[[Parvovirus]]
* [[Hypersplenism]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Babesia]]
*[[''Clostridium perfringens'']]  
 
====Autoimmune Conditions====
*Systemic lupus erythematosus
 
====Drugs====
*Pembrolizumab
*Nivolumab
*Ipilimumab
*Durvalumab
*Avelumab
*Dapsone
*Quinines


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===

Revision as of 01:59, 25 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The causes for hemolytic anemia can be divided into intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular causes. The intrinsic causes are commonly due to hereditary causes whereas the extrinsic causes are comonly acquired.

Causes

The causes of hemolytic anemia can be divided into etiologies that are intrinsic to red blood cell biology or extrinsic to red blood cell biology. Intrinsic, or intracorpuscular, causes include red blood cell membrane defects or enzyme deficiencies. Extrinsic causes include infections, autoimmune conditions, or drugs.

Intrinsic or intracorpuscular

Red blood cell membrane defects

Red blood cell enzyme deficiencies

Extrinsic factors

Extrinsic factors refers to those that are commonly acquired in nature and have an adverse effect on red blood cells.

Infections

Autoimmune Conditions

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus

Drugs

  • Pembrolizumab
  • Nivolumab
  • Ipilimumab
  • Durvalumab
  • Avelumab
  • Dapsone
  • Quinines

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Amoxicillin, Cefadroxil, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime sodium, Cefotetan disodium, Ceftazidime, Chlorpromazine, Chlorpropamide, Clemastine, Dexchlorpheniramine, Diflunisal, Doxycycline, Flurbiprofen, Indinavir,Imipenem-Cilastatin, Rifampin, Mafenide, Meropenem, Metaxalone, Micafungin sodium, Minocycline hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, Olsalazine, Oxaprozin, Oxytetracycline, Penicillin G , Primaquine phosphate (in G-6-PD deficiency and in favism), Pegademase, Piperacillin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Procarbazine, Probenecid,Rasburicase, Repaglinide, Sulindac, tolbutamide, Tolazamide, Thiothixene, Tolmetin,
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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