Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The exact incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, it has been reported in some studies to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.<ref name="pmid7808094">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lorber D |title=Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=39–52 |year=1995 |pmid=7808094 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*The exact prevalence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, it accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions.<ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | *The exact prevalence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, it accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions.<ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | ||
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[[Image:Epiii.jpg|400px|left|frame|'''Both the crude and age-adjusted death rates for hyperglycemic crises as underlying cause decreased from 1980 to 2009. ''', source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Public Health Resource: Diabetes Data & Trends. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/mortalitydka/fratedkadiabtotals.htm]] | [[Image:Epiii.jpg|400px|left|frame|'''Both the crude and age-adjusted death rates for hyperglycemic crises as underlying cause decreased from 1980 to 2009. ''', source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Public Health Resource: Diabetes Data & Trends. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/mortalitydka/fratedkadiabtotals.htm]] | ||
<br style="clear:left"> | <br style="clear:left"> | ||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects [[type 2 diabetic]] individuals older than 65 years years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | *The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects [[type 2 diabetic]] individuals older than 65 years years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in black population.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in black population.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in men as compared to women.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref> | *The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in men as compared to women.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:09, 27 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The exact incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, it has been reported in some studies to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.[1][2]
Prevalence
- The exact prevalence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, it accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 diabetic admissions.[2][3]
Case-fatality rate
- Case-fatality rate of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.[3]
- Case-fatality rates of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.[4]
Age
- The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects type 2 diabetic individuals older than 65 years years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.[3]
Race
- The prevalence and incidence of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in black population.[5][2]
Gender
- The prevalence and incidence of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is higher in men as compared to women.[5]
References
- ↑ Lorber D (1995). "Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus". Med. Clin. North Am. 79 (1): 39–52. PMID 7808094.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE (1997). "Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks". Arch. Intern. Med. 157 (6): 669–75. PMID 9080921.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
- ↑ "Diabetes Care".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA (2017). "Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review". BMJ Open. 7 (7): e016587. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587. PMID 28765134.