Pseudohypoparathyroidism pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end organ resistance to [[parathyroid hormone]]. | *Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end organ resistance to [[parathyroid hormone]]. | ||
*[[Parathyroid hormone]] effect is mediated by the [[parathyroid hormone receptor type 1]], which acts on a stimulatory | *[[Parathyroid hormone|Parathyroid hormone(PTH)]]<nowiki/>effect is mediated by the [[PTH receptor 1|parathyroid hormone receptor type 1]], which acts on a stimulatory guanine-nucleotide–binding (Gs) protein, which is composed of three subunits (α, β, and γ). The [[GNAS1]] gene encodes Gsα subunit that mediates [[cyclic AMP]] stimulation by [[parathyroid hormone]] and by several other peptide hormones, including [[thyrotropin]].<ref name="pmid17986833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spiegel AM |title=Inherited endocrine diseases involving G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors |journal=Endocr Dev |volume=11 |issue= |pages=133–44 |year=2007 |pmid=17986833 |doi=10.1159/0000111069 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Gene mutation results in failure of signal transduction through | *Gene mutation results in failure of signal transduction through Gsα inability to activate [[Adenylate cyclase|adenyl cyclase]] that results in resistance of target tissues to [[parathyroid hormone]] evidenced by [[hypocalcemia]] and [[hyperphosphatemia]], in the presence of high plasma [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] level.<ref name="pmid4309802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chase LR, Melson GL, Aurbach GD |title=Pseudohypoparathyroidism: defective excretion of 3',5'-AMP in response to parathyroid hormone |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=1832–44 |year=1969 |pmid=4309802 |pmc=322419 |doi=10.1172/JCI106149 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Blomstrand's Chondrodystrophy is lethal | *Blomstrand's Chondrodystrophy is lethal in the prenatal period characterized by abnormal [[Endochondral ossification|endochondral]] bone formation with prematurely occurring [[mineralization]] of the [[cartilaginous]] bone templates. | ||
* | *Patients with acrodysostosis have: | ||
*Resistance to [[parathormone]] | |||
*Resistance [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] | |||
*[[growth hormone releasing hormone]]. | |||
Genetic mutations associated with parathyroid hormone resistance are discussed below <ref name="pmid23076042">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine MA |title=An update on the clinical and molecular characteristics of pseudohypoparathyroidism |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=443–51 |year=2012 |pmid=23076042 |pmc=3679535 |doi=10.1097/MED.0b013e32835a255c |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21816789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mantovani G |title=Clinical review: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: diagnosis and treatment |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=3020–30 |year=2011 |pmid=21816789 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-1048 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25891861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee S, Mannstadt M, Guo J, Kim SM, Yi HS, Khatri A, Dean T, Okazaki M, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H |title=A Homozygous [Cys25]PTH(1-84) Mutation That Impairs PTH/PTHrP Receptor Activation Defines a Novel Form of Hypoparathyroidism |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1803–13 |year=2015 |pmid=25891861 |pmc=4580526 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.2532 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9649554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jobert AS, Zhang P, Couvineau A, Bonaventure J, Roume J, Le Merrer M, Silve C |title=Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=34–40 |year=1998 |pmid=9649554 |pmc=509062 |doi=10.1172/JCI2918 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22464250">{{cite journal |vauthors=Michot C, Le Goff C, Goldenberg A, Abhyankar A, Klein C, Kinning E, Guerrot AM, Flahaut P, Duncombe A, Baujat G, Lyonnet S, Thalassinos C, Nitschke P, Casanova JL, Le Merrer M, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V |title=Exome sequencing identifies PDE4D mutations as another cause of acrodysostosis |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=740–5 |year=2012 |pmid=22464250 |pmc=3322219 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21651393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Linglart A, Menguy C, Couvineau A, Auzan C, Gunes Y, Cancel M, Motte E, Pinto G, Chanson P, Bougnères P, Clauser E, Silve C |title=Recurrent PRKAR1A mutation in acrodysostosis with hormone resistance |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=23 |pages=2218–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21651393 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1012717 |url=}}</ref> | Genetic mutations associated with parathyroid hormone resistance are discussed below <ref name="pmid23076042">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine MA |title=An update on the clinical and molecular characteristics of pseudohypoparathyroidism |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=443–51 |year=2012 |pmid=23076042 |pmc=3679535 |doi=10.1097/MED.0b013e32835a255c |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21816789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mantovani G |title=Clinical review: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: diagnosis and treatment |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=3020–30 |year=2011 |pmid=21816789 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-1048 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25891861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee S, Mannstadt M, Guo J, Kim SM, Yi HS, Khatri A, Dean T, Okazaki M, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H |title=A Homozygous [Cys25]PTH(1-84) Mutation That Impairs PTH/PTHrP Receptor Activation Defines a Novel Form of Hypoparathyroidism |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1803–13 |year=2015 |pmid=25891861 |pmc=4580526 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.2532 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9649554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jobert AS, Zhang P, Couvineau A, Bonaventure J, Roume J, Le Merrer M, Silve C |title=Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=34–40 |year=1998 |pmid=9649554 |pmc=509062 |doi=10.1172/JCI2918 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22464250">{{cite journal |vauthors=Michot C, Le Goff C, Goldenberg A, Abhyankar A, Klein C, Kinning E, Guerrot AM, Flahaut P, Duncombe A, Baujat G, Lyonnet S, Thalassinos C, Nitschke P, Casanova JL, Le Merrer M, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V |title=Exome sequencing identifies PDE4D mutations as another cause of acrodysostosis |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=740–5 |year=2012 |pmid=22464250 |pmc=3322219 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21651393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Linglart A, Menguy C, Couvineau A, Auzan C, Gunes Y, Cancel M, Motte E, Pinto G, Chanson P, Bougnères P, Clauser E, Silve C |title=Recurrent PRKAR1A mutation in acrodysostosis with hormone resistance |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=23 |pages=2218–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21651393 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1012717 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
Revision as of 15:24, 29 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]
Overview
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end organ resistance to parathyroid hormone. Gene mutation results in failure of signal transduction. Blomstrand's Chondrodystrophy is lethal during the prenatal period and is characterized by abnormal endochondral bone formation with prematurely occurring mineralization of the cartilaginous bone templates. Acrodysostosis patients have resistance to parathormone with normal calcium and phosphorus, in addition to resistance thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone.
Pathophysiology
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end organ resistance to parathyroid hormone.
- Parathyroid hormone(PTH)effect is mediated by the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1, which acts on a stimulatory guanine-nucleotide–binding (Gs) protein, which is composed of three subunits (α, β, and γ). The GNAS1 gene encodes Gsα subunit that mediates cyclic AMP stimulation by parathyroid hormone and by several other peptide hormones, including thyrotropin.[1]
- Gene mutation results in failure of signal transduction through Gsα inability to activate adenyl cyclase that results in resistance of target tissues to parathyroid hormone evidenced by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, in the presence of high plasma PTH level.[2]
- Blomstrand's Chondrodystrophy is lethal in the prenatal period characterized by abnormal endochondral bone formation with prematurely occurring mineralization of the cartilaginous bone templates.
- Patients with acrodysostosis have:
- Resistance to parathormone
- Resistance thyroid-stimulating hormone
- growth hormone releasing hormone.
Genetic mutations associated with parathyroid hormone resistance are discussed below [3][4][5][6][7][8]
| Type of pseudohyoparathyroidism | Molecular Defect | Origin Of Mutation | Inheritence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism type I | Type 1a | Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations that reduce expression or function of Gαs | Maternal | Autosomal dominant |
| Type 1b | Familial- heterozygous deletions in STX16, NESP55, and/or AS exons or loss of methylation at GNAS | Maternal | Autosomal dominant | |
| Sporadic- paternal Uniparental disomy of chromosome 20q in some or methylation defect affecting all four GNAS DMRs | Maternal | Genomic imprinting | ||
| Type 1c | Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations that reduce expression or function of Gαs | Maternal | Autosomal dominant | |
| Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism | Combination of inactivating mutations of GNAS1 and Albright's osteodystrophy | Paternal | Genomic imprinting | |
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism type II | Insufficient data to suggest genetic or familial source | N/A | N/A | |
| Blomstrand chondrodysplasia | Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in both alleles encoding the type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor | N/A | Autosomal recessive | |
| Acrodysostosis type 1 | PRKAR1A germ-line mutation in the encoding gene | N/A | Autosomal dominant | |
| Acrodysostosis type 2 | Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene | N/A | Autosomal dominant | |
References
- ↑ Spiegel AM (2007). "Inherited endocrine diseases involving G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors". Endocr Dev. 11: 133–44. doi:10.1159/0000111069. PMID 17986833.
- ↑ Chase LR, Melson GL, Aurbach GD (1969). "Pseudohypoparathyroidism: defective excretion of 3',5'-AMP in response to parathyroid hormone". J. Clin. Invest. 48 (10): 1832–44. doi:10.1172/JCI106149. PMC 322419. PMID 4309802.
- ↑ Levine MA (2012). "An update on the clinical and molecular characteristics of pseudohypoparathyroidism". Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 19 (6): 443–51. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32835a255c. PMC 3679535. PMID 23076042.
- ↑ Mantovani G (2011). "Clinical review: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: diagnosis and treatment". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (10): 3020–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1048. PMID 21816789.
- ↑ Lee S, Mannstadt M, Guo J, Kim SM, Yi HS, Khatri A, Dean T, Okazaki M, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H (2015). "A Homozygous [Cys25]PTH(1-84) Mutation That Impairs PTH/PTHrP Receptor Activation Defines a Novel Form of Hypoparathyroidism". J. Bone Miner. Res. 30 (10): 1803–13. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2532. PMC 4580526. PMID 25891861.
- ↑ Jobert AS, Zhang P, Couvineau A, Bonaventure J, Roume J, Le Merrer M, Silve C (1998). "Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia". J. Clin. Invest. 102 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1172/JCI2918. PMC 509062. PMID 9649554.
- ↑ Michot C, Le Goff C, Goldenberg A, Abhyankar A, Klein C, Kinning E, Guerrot AM, Flahaut P, Duncombe A, Baujat G, Lyonnet S, Thalassinos C, Nitschke P, Casanova JL, Le Merrer M, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V (2012). "Exome sequencing identifies PDE4D mutations as another cause of acrodysostosis". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90 (4): 740–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.003. PMC 3322219. PMID 22464250.
- ↑ Linglart A, Menguy C, Couvineau A, Auzan C, Gunes Y, Cancel M, Motte E, Pinto G, Chanson P, Bougnères P, Clauser E, Silve C (2011). "Recurrent PRKAR1A mutation in acrodysostosis with hormone resistance". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (23): 2218–26. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1012717. PMID 21651393.