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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's. | Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's. John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously, when some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, to be latter substituted by new tissue. This process is also known as remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] during 1830's, found that there are small holes in every [[Bones|bone]] but [[bones]] in people with specific age and [[diseases]], have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of [[bones]] as [[Porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''osteoporosis''. | ||
==Historical perspective== | ==Historical perspective== | ||
The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below: | |||
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* 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the | * 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the sign of [[osteoporosis]] called "Dowager's hump". Bone with holes, was seen for the first time. | ||
* | * John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously, when some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, to be latter substituted by new tissue. This process is known as remodeling. | ||
* In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there | * In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there holes in every [[bones|bone]]; but [[bones]] of people of specific age and suffering from various [[diseases]] may have larger holes than normal ones. He eventually named this kind of [[bones|bone]] <nowiki/>as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] got its name; ''[[osteoporosis]]''.<ref name="urlHistory of Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=http://reliawire.com/history-osteoporosis/ |title=History of Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1830's, the link between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk determined by Astley Cooper. The term "[[osteoporosis]]" | * In 1830's, the link between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The term "[[osteoporosis]]" and the recognition of its [[pathological]] appearance is generally attributed to the French [[pathologist]], Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref> | ||
* In 1940's, the American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], | * In 1940's, the American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], established a link between [[osteoporosis]] and [[postmenopausal]] state. He started to treat [[menopausal]] women with [[estrogen]] in order to prevent further [[bone]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref> | ||
* In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]] | * In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]], such as bone densitometers. | ||
* In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref> | * In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] publicized | * In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] publicized [[osteoporosis]] as a significant threat to [[health]] and the possibility that [[bone loss]] could be reduced by [[estrogen]] therapy, [[calcium]] supplementation, good [[nutrition]], and [[Physical exercise|exercise]].<ref name="urlThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=https://consensus.nih.gov/1984/1984Osteoporosis043html.htm |title=The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that | * In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that lead to [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648 }} </ref> | ||
* In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score | * In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score for classification of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]. The apple population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], entered the market. They have also been found to treat [[breast tumors]] and to stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref> | * In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], entered the market. They have also been found to treat [[breast tumors]] and to stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British surgeon, in 1800's. John Hunter found that the bones in the human body turn over continuously, when some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue is eliminated, to be latter substituted by new tissue. This process is also known as remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist during 1830's, found that there are small holes in every bone but bones in people with specific age and diseases, have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of bones as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.
Historical perspective
The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:
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- 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the sign of osteoporosis called "Dowager's hump". Bone with holes, was seen for the first time.
- John Hunter found that the bones in the human body turn over continuously, when some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue is eliminated, to be latter substituted by new tissue. This process is known as remodeling.
- In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist, found that there holes in every bone; but bones of people of specific age and suffering from various diseases may have larger holes than normal ones. He eventually named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease got its name; osteoporosis.[1]
- In 1830's, the link between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The term "osteoporosis" and the recognition of its pathological appearance is generally attributed to the French pathologist, Lobstein.[2]
- In 1940's, the American endocrinologist, Fuller Albright from Massachusetts General Hospital, established a link between osteoporosis and postmenopausal state. He started to treat menopausal women with estrogen in order to prevent further bone loss.[3]
- In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early bone loss, such as bone densitometers.
- In 1960's, bisphosphonates which inhibit bone resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of osteoporosis were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.[4]
- In 1984, the National Institute of Health (NIH) publicized osteoporosis as a significant threat to health and the possibility that bone loss could be reduced by estrogen therapy, calcium supplementation, good nutrition, and exercise.[5]
- In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific cytokines which influence the activity of osteoclasts, the components that lead to bone breakdown.[6]
- In 1994, World Health Organization (WHO) first used T-score for classification of various amounts of bone mineral density (BMD). The apple population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and race.[7]
- In 1998, Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, entered the market. They have also been found to treat breast tumors and to stimulate the growth of uterine cells.[8]
References
- ↑ "History of Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.
- ↑ Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.
- ↑ Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.
- ↑ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.
- ↑ "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.
- ↑ Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.