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**Female sex | **Female sex | ||
**Age over 50 years | **Age over 50 years | ||
**Areas with decreased iodine intake | **Smoking<ref name="pmid11838733">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Weeke J, Hoeck HC, Nielsen HK, Rungby J, Laurberg P, Mosekilde L |title=Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism |journal=Thyroid |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |year=2002 |pmid=11838733 |doi=10.1089/105072502753451995 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Natural goitrogens associated with the development of multinodular goiter include: | **Areas with decreased iodine intake<ref name="pmid2040867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laurberg P, Pedersen KM, Vestergaard H, Sigurdsson G |title=High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs. high incidence of Graves' disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of thyrotoxicosis epidemiology in East-Jutland Denmark and Iceland |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=229 |issue=5 |pages=415–20 |year=1991 |pmid=2040867 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Natural goitrogens associated with the development of multinodular goiter include:<ref name="pmid2464986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaitan E |title=Goitrogens |journal=Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=683–702 |year=1988 |pmid=2464986 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Millet, soy beans, coconut, babassu contain flavonoids that impair thyroperoxidase. | **Millet, soy beans, coconut, babassu contain flavonoids that impair thyroperoxidase. | ||
**Cassava, sweet potato, sorghum contain cyanogenic glucosides metabolized to thiocyanates that Inhibits iodine thyroidal uptake. | **Cassava, sweet potato, sorghum contain cyanogenic glucosides metabolized to thiocyanates that Inhibits iodine thyroidal uptake. | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 6 October 2017
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of multinodular goiter include female sex,age over 50 years,areas with decreased iodine intake,natural goitrogens,vitamin A and iron deficiency,selenium deficiency.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of multinodular goiter include:
- Natural goitrogens associated with the development of multinodular goiter include:[3]
- Millet, soy beans, coconut, babassu contain flavonoids that impair thyroperoxidase.
- Cassava, sweet potato, sorghum contain cyanogenic glucosides metabolized to thiocyanates that Inhibits iodine thyroidal uptake.
- Cabbage, cauliflower, Broccoli, turnips contain glucosinolates that impair iodine thyroidal uptake.
- Seaweed (kelp) contains excess iodine that inhibits release of thyroidal hormones.
- Vitamin A and Iron deficiency increases TSH stimulation and reduces heme-dependent thyroperoxidase thyroidal activity.
- Selenium deficiency accumulates peroxidase and causes deiodinase deficiency resulting in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis.
- ↑ Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Weeke J, Hoeck HC, Nielsen HK, Rungby J, Laurberg P, Mosekilde L (2002). "Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism". Thyroid. 12 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1089/105072502753451995. PMID 11838733.
- ↑ Laurberg P, Pedersen KM, Vestergaard H, Sigurdsson G (1991). "High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs. high incidence of Graves' disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of thyrotoxicosis epidemiology in East-Jutland Denmark and Iceland". J. Intern. Med. 229 (5): 415–20. PMID 2040867.
- ↑ Gaitan E (1988). "Goitrogens". Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2 (3): 683–702. PMID 2464986.