Whipple's disease historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*George Hoyt Whipple in 1907, described a case who died after a course of gastrointestinal, malabsorption, pulmonary, neurologic and constitutional symptoms. Pathology showed rod-like bacilli in the lamina propria and fat deposition in intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes. He named this disease as “intestinal lipodystrophy.”<ref>Whipple G H. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;198:383. </ref> | |||
*In 1947, Oliver-Pascual et al. reported a case of “intestinal lipodystrophy” before the death of a patient. <ref name="pmid20251637">{{cite journal |vauthors=OLIVER-PASCUAL E, GALAN J |title=[Not Available] |language=Undetermined |journal=Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig Nutr |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=213–26 |year=1947 |pmid=20251637 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*The | *“Intestinal lipodystrophy” was renamed to “Whipple’s disease” in 1949, after the development of periodic acid-Schiff for staining the bacilli by Black-Schaffer.<ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal |vauthors=BLACK-SCHAFFER B |title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=225–7 |year=1949 |pmid=15391722 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In | |||
*In | *Pauley in 1952 treated a patient successfully by using systemic antibiotics, prolonged period of Chloramphenicol.<ref name="pmid12980233">{{cite journal |vauthors=PAULLEY JW |title=A case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=128–33 |year=1952 |pmid=12980233 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1958, Bolt et al. reported the use of the small-bowel biopsy to differentiate malabsorption diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease.<ref name="BoltPollard1958">{{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Robert J.|last2=Pollard|first2=H. Marvin|last3=Standaert|first3=Ludovic|title=Transoral Small-Bowel Biopsy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Malabsorption States|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=259|issue=1|year=1958|pages=32–34|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM195807032590107}}</ref> | |||
*In 1961, Chears and Ashworth used electron microscopic and cytochemical study to detect the bacilli inside the intestinal macrophages. <ref name="pmid13692693">{{cite journal |vauthors=CHEARS WC, ASHWORTH CT |title=Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=41 |issue= |pages=129–38 |year=1961 |pmid=13692693 |doi= |url=}}</ref> In that year, another team, Yardley and Hendrix demonstrated the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal mucosa by combined electron and light microscopy.<ref name="pmid13787237">{{cite journal |vauthors=YARDLEY JH, HENDRIX TR |title=Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine |journal=Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp |volume=109 |issue= |pages=80–98 |year=1961 |pmid=13787237 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Wilson and his team in 1991, were able to partially sequence a 16S rRNA of a new bacterium. They classified this bacterium within the Actinomycetes clade.<ref name="pmid1714530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA |title=Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium |journal=Lancet |volume=338 |issue=8765 |pages=474–5 |year=1991 |pmid=1714530 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*In 1992, Relman et al. confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using PCR. They used the term of “Tropheryma whippleii” for the first time for this bacterium. <ref name="RelmanSchmidt1992">{{cite journal|last1=Relman|first1=David A.|last2=Schmidt|first2=Thomas M.|last3=MacDermott|first3=Richard P.|last4=Falkow|first4=Stanley|title=Identification of the Uncultured Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=327|issue=5|year=1992|pages=293–301|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199207303270501}}</ref> | |||
*In 2000, Raoult et al. reported successful isolation and cultivation of the bacterium responsible for the Whipple's disease. They obtained the tissue from the mitral valve of a patient with a culture negative endocarditis.<ref name="RaoultBirg2000">{{cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Birg|first2=Marie L.|last3=Scola|first3=Bernard La|last4=Fournier|first4=Pierre E.|last5=Enea|first5=Maryse|last6=Lepidi|first6=Hubert|last7=Roux|first7=Veronique|last8=Piette|first8=Jean-Charles|last9=Vandenesch|first9=François|last10=Vital-Durand|first10=Denis|last11=Marrie|first11=Tom J.|title=Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=9|year=2000|pages=620–625|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM200003023420903}}</ref> | |||
*In 2001 La Scola et al. isolated Whipple’s disease bacillus from the cardiac valve of a patient with endocarditis and characterized it phenotypically. They slightly changed the name to “T. whipplei.” <ref name="La ScolaAltwegg2001">{{cite journal|last1=La Scola|first1=B|last2=Altwegg|first2=M|last3=Mallet|first3=M N|last4=Fournier|first4=P E|last5=Fenollar|first5=F|last6=Raoult|first6=D|title=Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=51|issue=4|year=2001|pages=1471–1479|issn=1466-5026|doi=10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471}}</ref> | |||
*In 2003, Bentley et al. and Raoult et al. analyzed and sequenced the genome of two different strains of T. whipplei. <ref name="BentleyMaiwald2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bentley|first1=Stephen D|last2=Maiwald|first2=Matthias|last3=Murphy|first3=Lee D|last4=Pallen|first4=Mark J|last5=Yeats|first5=Corin A|last6=Dover|first6=Lynn G|last7=Norbertczak|first7=Halina T|last8=Besra|first8=Gurdyal S|last9=Quail|first9=Michael A|last10=Harris|first10=David E|last11=von Herbay|first11=Axel|last12=Goble|first12=Arlette|last13=Rutter|first13=Simon|last14=Squares|first14=Robert|last15=Squares|first15=Stephen|last16=Barrell|first16=Bart G|last17=Parkhill|first17=Julian|last18=Relman|first18=David A|title=Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei|journal=The Lancet|volume=361|issue=9358|year=2003|pages=637–644|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12902375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, Claverie JM |title=Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1800–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12902375 |pmc=403771 |doi=10.1101/gr.1474603 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
- George Hoyt Whipple in 1907, described a case who died after a course of gastrointestinal, malabsorption, pulmonary, neurologic and constitutional symptoms. Pathology showed rod-like bacilli in the lamina propria and fat deposition in intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes. He named this disease as “intestinal lipodystrophy.”[1]
- In 1947, Oliver-Pascual et al. reported a case of “intestinal lipodystrophy” before the death of a patient. [2]
- “Intestinal lipodystrophy” was renamed to “Whipple’s disease” in 1949, after the development of periodic acid-Schiff for staining the bacilli by Black-Schaffer.[3]
- Pauley in 1952 treated a patient successfully by using systemic antibiotics, prolonged period of Chloramphenicol.[4]
- In 1958, Bolt et al. reported the use of the small-bowel biopsy to differentiate malabsorption diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease.[5]
- In 1961, Chears and Ashworth used electron microscopic and cytochemical study to detect the bacilli inside the intestinal macrophages. [6] In that year, another team, Yardley and Hendrix demonstrated the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal mucosa by combined electron and light microscopy.[7]
- Wilson and his team in 1991, were able to partially sequence a 16S rRNA of a new bacterium. They classified this bacterium within the Actinomycetes clade.[8]
- In 1992, Relman et al. confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using PCR. They used the term of “Tropheryma whippleii” for the first time for this bacterium. [9]
- In 2000, Raoult et al. reported successful isolation and cultivation of the bacterium responsible for the Whipple's disease. They obtained the tissue from the mitral valve of a patient with a culture negative endocarditis.[10]
- In 2001 La Scola et al. isolated Whipple’s disease bacillus from the cardiac valve of a patient with endocarditis and characterized it phenotypically. They slightly changed the name to “T. whipplei.” [11]
- In 2003, Bentley et al. and Raoult et al. analyzed and sequenced the genome of two different strains of T. whipplei. [12] [13]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
References
- ↑ Whipple G H. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;198:383.
- ↑ OLIVER-PASCUAL E, GALAN J (1947). "[Not Available]". Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig Nutr (in Undetermined). 6 (3): 213–26. PMID 20251637.
- ↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.
- ↑ PAULLEY JW (1952). "A case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)". Gastroenterology. 22 (1): 128–33. PMID 12980233.
- ↑ Bolt, Robert J.; Pollard, H. Marvin; Standaert, Ludovic (1958). "Transoral Small-Bowel Biopsy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Malabsorption States". New England Journal of Medicine. 259 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1056/NEJM195807032590107. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ CHEARS WC, ASHWORTH CT (1961). "Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion". Gastroenterology. 41: 129–38. PMID 13692693.
- ↑ YARDLEY JH, HENDRIX TR (1961). "Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine". Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 109: 80–98. PMID 13787237.
- ↑ Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA (1991). "Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium". Lancet. 338 (8765): 474–5. PMID 1714530.
- ↑ Relman, David A.; Schmidt, Thomas M.; MacDermott, Richard P.; Falkow, Stanley (1992). "Identification of the Uncultured Bacillus of Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (5): 293–301. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Raoult, Didier; Birg, Marie L.; Scola, Bernard La; Fournier, Pierre E.; Enea, Maryse; Lepidi, Hubert; Roux, Veronique; Piette, Jean-Charles; Vandenesch, François; Vital-Durand, Denis; Marrie, Tom J. (2000). "Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (9): 620–625. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003023420903. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ La Scola, B; Altwegg, M; Mallet, M N; Fournier, P E; Fenollar, F; Raoult, D (2001). "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (4): 1471–1479. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ↑ Bentley, Stephen D; Maiwald, Matthias; Murphy, Lee D; Pallen, Mark J; Yeats, Corin A; Dover, Lynn G; Norbertczak, Halina T; Besra, Gurdyal S; Quail, Michael A; Harris, David E; von Herbay, Axel; Goble, Arlette; Rutter, Simon; Squares, Robert; Squares, Stephen; Barrell, Bart G; Parkhill, Julian; Relman, David A (2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". The Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–644. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, Claverie JM (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res. 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375.