Sandbox:Madhu

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel

Classification of DES

• There is no established system for the classification of DES although it is categorized as one of the types of esophageal motility disorder according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include Age (60-80 years), presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

• The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. However, current high-resolution manometric studies suggest impairment of inhibitory myenteric plexus neuron

OR

• It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
• [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
• Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
• [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
• The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
• The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.