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The natural history depends on the etiology of the hemolytic anemia. | The natural history depends on the etiology of the hemolytic anemia. | ||
*'''Drug-induced hemolytic anemia:''' This tends to be transient, if the etiology is identified. Once the drug is introduced, the hemolysis typically begins within a few days. Once the offending agent is discontinued, the hemolysis begins to abate. The course is usually mild. There are typically no long-term complications from this type of hemolysis. Serologic tests, such as the [[direct antiglobulin test]], or [[Coomb's test]], can persist despite clinical resolution of symptoms. | *'''Drug-induced hemolytic anemia:''' This tends to be transient, if the etiology is identified. Once the [[drug]] is introduced, the [[hemolysis]] typically begins within a few days. Once the offending agent is discontinued, the hemolysis begins to abate. The course is usually mild. There are typically no long-term complications from this type of hemolysis. Serologic tests, such as the [[direct antiglobulin test]], or [[Coomb's test]], can persist despite clinical resolution of symptoms. | ||
*'''Autoimmune hemolytic anemia:''' This can have a lifelong course if the etiology is not identified. This can have an unpredictable course of relapses<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> and remissions. | *'''Autoimmune hemolytic anemia:''' This can have a lifelong course if the etiology is not identified. This can have an unpredictable course of relapses<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> and remissions. | ||
*'''Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children:''' This has a self-limited course when treated with steroids.<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> Steroids usually result in a rapid remission, especially if a high dose or induction dose is used. Relpases are unusual. The estimated mortality rate is 10-30%. | *'''Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children:''' This has a self-limited course when treated with [[steroids]].<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> Steroids usually result in a rapid [[remission]], especially if a high dose or induction dose is used. Relpases are unusual. The estimated mortality rate is 10-30%. | ||
*'''Hereditary etiologies of hemolytic anemia:''' Such etiologies include G6PD deficiency, [[red blood cell]] membrane defects, or red blood cell enzyme defects. These tend to manifest with lifelong symptoms, as these are difficult to cure. Patients with these types of hemolytic anemia have lifelong risk. | *'''Hereditary etiologies of hemolytic anemia:''' Such etiologies include [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6PD deficiency]], [[red blood cell]] membrane defects, or [[red blood cell]] [[enzyme]] defects. These tend to manifest with lifelong symptoms, as these are difficult to cure. Patients with these types of hemolytic anemia have lifelong risk. | ||
*'''Cold agglutinin disease:''' This condition results in hemolysis in the presence of cold temperatures. The hemolysis begins upon exposure to cold then abates after cold temperatures are no longer present. Post-infection cold agglutinin disease typically lasts for weeks to months then resolves. Serological tests such, as the | *'''Cold agglutinin disease:''' This condition results in [[hemolysis]] in the presence of cold temperatures. The hemolysis begins upon exposure to cold then abates after cold temperatures are no longer present. Post-infection [[cold agglutinin disease]] typically lasts for weeks to months then resolves. Serological tests such, as the Donath-Landsteiner [[antibody]], can persist despite clinical resolution of the hemolytic anemia.<ref name="pmid13714487">{{cite journal| author=HINZ CF, PICKEN ME, LEPOW IH| title=Studies on immune human hemolysis. I. The kinetics of the Donath-Land-steiner reaction and the requirement for complement in the reaction. | journal=J Exp Med | year= 1961 | volume= 113 | issue= | pages= 177-218 | pmid=13714487 | doi= | pmc=2137335 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13714487 }} </ref> | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
The complications depend on the specific type of hemolytic anemia. | The complications depend on the specific type of hemolytic anemia. | ||
*'''Cardiovascular collapse:''' This refers to failure of the heart to produce a sufficient blood pressure to maintain normal homeostasis and oxygen delivery. This can lead to death from hypoxia and hypoxemia within a short period of time. | *'''Cardiovascular collapse:''' This refers to failure of the [[heart]] to produce a sufficient [[blood pressure]] to maintain normal [[homeostasis]] and oxygen delivery. This can lead to death from [[hypoxia]] and [[hypoxemia]] within a short period of time. | ||
*'''Exacerbation of cardiopulmonary conditions''': Hemolytic anemia can result in high-output cardiac failure, which refers to the inability of the circulatory system to meet the demands of exercising tissue, despite a high cardiac output. Hemolytic anemia can also exacerbate [[lung disease]], since the capillary beds in the pulmonary circulation function to load oxygen onto hemoglobin for delivery to tissue beds. | *'''Exacerbation of cardiopulmonary conditions''': Hemolytic anemia can result in [[High output cardiac failure|high-output cardiac failure]], which refers to the inability of the [[circulatory system]] to meet the demands of exercising [[tissue]], despite a [[high cardiac output]]. Hemolytic anemia can also exacerbate [[lung disease]], since the [[Capillary bed|capillary beds]] in the [[pulmonary circulation]] function to load [[oxygen]] onto [[hemoglobin]] for delivery to [[tissue]] beds. | ||
*'''Exacerbation of neurologic conditions''': Hemolytic anemia can contribute to [[cerebrovascular disease]], or strokes, since the brain requires oxygen for survival of neurons. | *'''Exacerbation of neurologic conditions''': Hemolytic anemia can contribute to [[cerebrovascular disease]], or [[strokes]], since the [[brain]] requires [[oxygen]] for survival of [[neurons]]. | ||
*'''Myocardial infarction''': Myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs if the anemia is severe such that the oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced to the coronary tissue. For this reason, patients with coronary artery disease should be transfused packed red blood cells if hemoglobin is less than 8 g/dl, compared to the conventional threshold of 7 g/dl for the general population. | *'''Myocardial infarction''': [[Myocardial infarction]], or [[heart attack]], occurs if the [[anemia]] is severe such that the oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced to the [[Coronary circulation|coronary tissue]]. For this reason, patients with [[Coronary heart disease|coronary artery disease]] should be [[Blood transfusion|transfused packed red blood cells]] if [[hemoglobin]] is less than 8 g/dl, compared to the conventional threshold of 7 g/dl for the general population. | ||
*'''Transfusion dependence''': This occurs when a patient requires repeated transfusions with packed red blood cells in order to maintain hemoglobin within an acceptable range, such as greater than 7 g/dl. Complications of transfusion include: | *'''Transfusion dependence''': This occurs when a patient requires repeated [[Blood transfusion|transfusions]] with packed [[red blood cells]] in order to maintain [[hemoglobin]] within an acceptable range, such as greater than 7 g/dl. Complications of transfusion include: | ||
**Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)<ref name="pmid25535415">{{cite journal| author=Sahu S, Verma A| title=Adverse events related to blood transfusion. | journal=Indian J Anaesth | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 543-51 | pmid=25535415 | doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144650 | pmc=4260299 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25535415 }} </ref> For this reason, a restricted transfusion strategy is preferred over a liberal strategy.<ref name="pmid25805204">{{cite journal| author=Holst LB, Petersen MW, Haase N, Perner A, Wetterslev J| title=Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy for red blood cell transfusion: systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2015 | volume= 350 | issue= | pages= h1354 | pmid=25805204 | doi=10.1136/bmj.h1354 | pmc=4372223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25805204 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26220955 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2015 Oct;20(5):170] </ref> | **Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)<ref name="pmid25535415">{{cite journal| author=Sahu S, Verma A| title=Adverse events related to blood transfusion. | journal=Indian J Anaesth | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 543-51 | pmid=25535415 | doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144650 | pmc=4260299 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25535415 }} </ref> For this reason, a restricted transfusion strategy is preferred over a liberal strategy.<ref name="pmid25805204">{{cite journal| author=Holst LB, Petersen MW, Haase N, Perner A, Wetterslev J| title=Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy for red blood cell transfusion: systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2015 | volume= 350 | issue= | pages= h1354 | pmid=25805204 | doi=10.1136/bmj.h1354 | pmc=4372223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25805204 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26220955 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2015 Oct;20(5):170] </ref> | ||
**Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)<ref name="pmid25535415">{{cite journal| author=Sahu S, Verma A| title=Adverse events related to blood transfusion. | journal=Indian J Anaesth | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 543-51 | pmid=25535415 | doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144650 | pmc=4260299 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25535415 }} </ref> | **[[Transfusion related acute lung injury|Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)]]<ref name="pmid25535415">{{cite journal| author=Sahu S, Verma A| title=Adverse events related to blood transfusion. | journal=Indian J Anaesth | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 543-51 | pmid=25535415 | doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144650 | pmc=4260299 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25535415 }} </ref> | ||
**Iron overload, or hemosiderosis | **[[Iron overload]], or [[hemosiderosis]] | ||
**Transfusion reaction due to ABO blood group incompatibility | **[[Transfusion reactions|Transfusion reaction]] due to [[ABO blood group system|ABO blood group]] incompatibility | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The outcome depends on the type and cause of hemolytic anemia. | The outcome depends on the type and cause of hemolytic anemia. | ||
*'''Drug-induced hemolytic anemia:''' The prognosis of this type of anemia is typically favorable if the offending agent is discontinued. | *'''Drug-induced hemolytic anemia:''' The prognosis of this type of anemia is typically favorable if the offending agent is discontinued. | ||
*'''Cold agglutinin disease:''' This has a generally good prognosis. Patients typically survive for many years. In the case of an associated lymphoma, the prognosis can be much worse depending the type of lymphoma.<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> | *'''[[Cold agglutinin disease]]:''' This has a generally good prognosis. Patients typically survive for many years. In the case of an associated [[lymphoma]], the prognosis can be much worse depending the type of lymphoma.<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:04, 30 October 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Overview
In general, the natural history, complications, and prognosis depend on the underlying cause of hemolytic anemia. Some types of hemolytic anemia have a transient course with few complications and excellent prognosis. Some types of hemolytic anemia have a lifelong course with many complications and poor prognosis.
Natural History
The natural history depends on the etiology of the hemolytic anemia.
- Drug-induced hemolytic anemia: This tends to be transient, if the etiology is identified. Once the drug is introduced, the hemolysis typically begins within a few days. Once the offending agent is discontinued, the hemolysis begins to abate. The course is usually mild. There are typically no long-term complications from this type of hemolysis. Serologic tests, such as the direct antiglobulin test, or Coomb's test, can persist despite clinical resolution of symptoms.
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: This can have a lifelong course if the etiology is not identified. This can have an unpredictable course of relapses[1] and remissions.
- Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children: This has a self-limited course when treated with steroids.[1] Steroids usually result in a rapid remission, especially if a high dose or induction dose is used. Relpases are unusual. The estimated mortality rate is 10-30%.
- Hereditary etiologies of hemolytic anemia: Such etiologies include G6PD deficiency, red blood cell membrane defects, or red blood cell enzyme defects. These tend to manifest with lifelong symptoms, as these are difficult to cure. Patients with these types of hemolytic anemia have lifelong risk.
- Cold agglutinin disease: This condition results in hemolysis in the presence of cold temperatures. The hemolysis begins upon exposure to cold then abates after cold temperatures are no longer present. Post-infection cold agglutinin disease typically lasts for weeks to months then resolves. Serological tests such, as the Donath-Landsteiner antibody, can persist despite clinical resolution of the hemolytic anemia.[2]
Complications
The complications depend on the specific type of hemolytic anemia.
- Cardiovascular collapse: This refers to failure of the heart to produce a sufficient blood pressure to maintain normal homeostasis and oxygen delivery. This can lead to death from hypoxia and hypoxemia within a short period of time.
- Exacerbation of cardiopulmonary conditions: Hemolytic anemia can result in high-output cardiac failure, which refers to the inability of the circulatory system to meet the demands of exercising tissue, despite a high cardiac output. Hemolytic anemia can also exacerbate lung disease, since the capillary beds in the pulmonary circulation function to load oxygen onto hemoglobin for delivery to tissue beds.
- Exacerbation of neurologic conditions: Hemolytic anemia can contribute to cerebrovascular disease, or strokes, since the brain requires oxygen for survival of neurons.
- Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs if the anemia is severe such that the oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced to the coronary tissue. For this reason, patients with coronary artery disease should be transfused packed red blood cells if hemoglobin is less than 8 g/dl, compared to the conventional threshold of 7 g/dl for the general population.
- Transfusion dependence: This occurs when a patient requires repeated transfusions with packed red blood cells in order to maintain hemoglobin within an acceptable range, such as greater than 7 g/dl. Complications of transfusion include:
- Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)[3] For this reason, a restricted transfusion strategy is preferred over a liberal strategy.[4]
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)[3]
- Iron overload, or hemosiderosis
- Transfusion reaction due to ABO blood group incompatibility
Prognosis
The outcome depends on the type and cause of hemolytic anemia.
- Drug-induced hemolytic anemia: The prognosis of this type of anemia is typically favorable if the offending agent is discontinued.
- Cold agglutinin disease: This has a generally good prognosis. Patients typically survive for many years. In the case of an associated lymphoma, the prognosis can be much worse depending the type of lymphoma.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Packman CH (2015). "The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia". Transfus Med Hemother. 42 (5): 317–24. doi:10.1159/000440656. PMC 4678314. PMID 26696800.
- ↑ HINZ CF, PICKEN ME, LEPOW IH (1961). "Studies on immune human hemolysis. I. The kinetics of the Donath-Land-steiner reaction and the requirement for complement in the reaction". J Exp Med. 113: 177–218. PMC 2137335. PMID 13714487.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sahu S, Verma A (2014). "Adverse events related to blood transfusion". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 543–51. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144650. PMC 4260299. PMID 25535415.
- ↑ Holst LB, Petersen MW, Haase N, Perner A, Wetterslev J (2015). "Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy for red blood cell transfusion: systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis". BMJ. 350: h1354. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1354. PMC 4372223. PMID 25805204. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2015 Oct;20(5):170