Sandbox:Cherry: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Sudarshana Datta (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
3,577 edits
No edit summary
Sudarshana Datta (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
3,577 edits
No edit summary
Line 129: Line 129:
Endoscopic stenting of duodenal obstruction
Endoscopic stenting of duodenal obstruction
Gastrojejunostomy
Gastrojejunostomy
==Treatment Options by Stage==
===Stages I and II Pancreatic Cancer===
Treatment of stage I and stage II pancreatic cancer may include the following:
* Surgery alone.
* Surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
===Stage III Pancreatic Cancer===
Treatment of stage III pancreatic cancer may include the following:
* Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
* Chemotherapy with gemcitabine.
===Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer===
Treatment of stage IV pancreatic cancer may include the following:
* Chemotherapy with gemcitabine with or without erlotinib.
* Palliative treatments for pain, such as nerve blocks, and other supportive care.
* Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
===Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer===
Treatment of recurrent pancreatic cancer may include the following:
* Chemotherapy.
* Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
* Palliative radiation therapy.
* Other palliative medical care to reduce symptoms, such as nerve blocks to relieve pain.


References
References
<references />
<references />

Revision as of 17:56, 13 November 2017

Pancreatic cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Staging

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sandbox:Cherry On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox:Cherry

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sandbox:Cherry

CDC on Sandbox:Cherry

Sandbox:Cherry in the news

Blogs on Sandbox:Cherry

Directions to Hospitals Treating Pancreatic cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sandbox:Cherry

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]


NEW TREATMENTS 

Irinotecan in an encapsulated form inside a nanoliposome is being used in advanced pancreatic cancer patients who have been earlier been treated using gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. [1]

Liposomal Irinotecan is used along with leucovorin and fluorouracil.[2]


ADJUVANT THERAPY The use of gemcitabine as adjuvant therapy is considered a standard form of therapy following surgical resection in pancreatic cancer patients.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] NEOADJUVANT THERAPY Neoadjuvant therapy may be used as a form of therapy due to the following reasons:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][17][16] Toxic effects of chemotherapy can be tolerated more easily before surgery as compared to after resection Shrinkage of tumor with neoadjuvant therapy makes resection easier and improves patient prognosis Systemic treatment for cancer involving various systems improves prognosis No therapy is considered as first line therapy under this category.Decisions for treatment are made on an individual basis.

SURGERY There are different surgical techniques that may be used for resectable pancreatic cancer and their prognosis has been extensively studied: [26][27][28][29][30][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)[49][30][50][51] It is mainly performed for tumors located in:[52][51][53] Periampullary region Duodenum Bile duct (Cholangiocarcinoma) Pancreatic duct Head of pancreas Whipple procedure involves removal of the following components due to common blood supply: Stomach antrum Gallbladder Duodenum Head of pancreas After removal of the above structures, the biliary and distal pancreatic ducts are anastomosed to the jejunum to facilitate surgical drainage. Biliary drainage may also be performed preoperatively.[54][54] 

This procedure is associated with several morbidities:[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Postoperative abcess Wound infection[70] Anastomotic leak Delay in gastric emptying[71]

Pylorus sparing Whipple procedure:[72] The pylorus may be spared as a modification of Whipple procedure to decrease gastric emptying due to antrectomy. This significantly reduces the incidence of nutritional deficiencies arising from this surgery.


The European Society for Medical Oncology states that the only curative therapy is surgical resection. Ten percent is the five year survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Patients with node-positive tumors have very poor long term survival.

Distal Pancreatectomy [55] This procedure has a limited use in curative resection of pancreatic cancer. It is mainly performed for tumors located in:[73] Body of pancreas Tail of pancreas This form of surgery has fewer morbidities than the Whipple procedure.


Distal Pancreatectomy involves the following components: 

Separation of the distal pancreas bearing the tumor from the normal tissue
Resection of the affected portion

Oversewing of the distal pancreatic duct 

This procedure is associated with several morbidities:[74][75][76][77]

Pancreatic endocrine insufficiency Bleeding Leakage of pancreatic stump

Total Pancreatectomy[55][78][79][80][81][82]


It is the least preferred due to high mortality rate. It is mainly performed for tumors located in: Neck of the pancreas. Due to involvement of neck, patients develop insulin dependent DM.

Lymphadnectomy[83][84][41][42][85][41][42][86][87]

Removal of positive nodes is preferrable, but some surgeons advocate extended lymphadnectomy.

CA 19-9 level

Elevated levels of CA 19-9 can help in the following ways:[88]

Predicts the likelihood of complete resection

Prognosis of patients with resectable disease

Predicts the presence of occult metastases

However, CA 19-9 levels are not used to dictate the initial strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer.

PALLIATIVE THERAPY

Pain There are various techniques for pain management as palliative therapy in patients:

Narcotic analgesics Narcotic analgesics+ tricyclic antidepressants/ antiemetics Endoscopic decompression with stent placement in patients with biliary or pancreatic duct obstruction Radiation therapy Neurolysis of the celiac ganglia by many approaches Intraoperative Transgastric Transthoracic Transabdominal

Jaundice Obstructive jaundice can present with features of cholangitis: Fever and chills Nausea, vomiting Clay-colored stools Dark urine Yellowish discoloration of skin Pruritus Right upper quadrant pain Anorexia Preferred treatment in patients: Endoscopic decompression with stent placement in patients with biliary obstruction Techniques of biliary decompression: Cholecystojejunostomy Choledochojejunostomy

Types of stents: Metal- costly, longer lifespan Plastic- cheaper, need replacement every three months

Duodenal obstruction Preferred treatment: Endoscopic stenting of duodenal obstruction Gastrojejunostomy

Treatment Options by Stage

Stages I and II Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of stage I and stage II pancreatic cancer may include the following:

  • Surgery alone.
  • Surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Stage III Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of stage III pancreatic cancer may include the following:

  • Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
  • Chemotherapy with gemcitabine.

Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of stage IV pancreatic cancer may include the following:

  • Chemotherapy with gemcitabine with or without erlotinib.
  • Palliative treatments for pain, such as nerve blocks, and other supportive care.
  • Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.

Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment of recurrent pancreatic cancer may include the following:

  • Chemotherapy.
  • Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
  • Palliative radiation therapy.
  • Other palliative medical care to reduce symptoms, such as nerve blocks to relieve pain.


References

  1. ↑ Chiang NJ, Chang JY, Shan YS, Chen LT (2016). "Development of nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI, MM-398, PEP02) in the management of metastatic pancreatic cancer". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 17 (10): 1413–20. doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1183646. PMID 27140876.
  2. ↑ Wang-Gillam A, Li CP, Bodoky G, Dean A, Shan YS, Jameson G, Macarulla T, Lee KH, Cunningham D, Blanc JF, Hubner RA, Chiu CF, Schwartsmann G, Siveke JT, Braiteh F, Moyo V, Belanger B, Dhindsa N, Bayever E, Von Hoff DD, Chen LT (2016). "Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 387 (10018): 545–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00986-1. PMID 26615328.
  3. ↑ Kalser MH, Ellenberg SS (1985). "Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection". Arch Surg. 120 (8): 899–903. PMID 4015380.
  4. ↑ Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, Bassi C, Dunn JA, Hickey H, Beger H, Fernandez-Cruz L, Dervenis C, Lacaine F, Falconi M, Pederzoli P, Pap A, Spooner D, Kerr DJ, Büchler MW (2004). "A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (12): 1200–10. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032295. PMID 15028824.
  5. ↑ Yang R, Cheung MC, Byrne MM, Jin X, Montero AJ, Jones C, Koniaris LG (2010). "Survival effects of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after resection for pancreatic carcinoma". Arch Surg. 145 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2009.244. PMID 20083754.
  6. ↑ Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P, Gellert K, Langrehr J, Ridwelski K, Schramm H, Fahlke J, Zuelke C, Burkart C, Gutberlet K, Kettner E, Schmalenberg H, Weigang-Koehler K, Bechstein WO, Niedergethmann M, Schmidt-Wolf I, Roll L, Doerken B, Riess H (2007). "Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 297 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1001/jama.297.3.267. PMID 17227978.
  7. ↑ Liao WC, Chien KL, Lin YL, Wu MS, Lin JT, Wang HP, Tu YK (2013). "Adjuvant treatments for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Lancet Oncol. 14 (11): 1095–103. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70388-7. PMID 24035532.
  8. ↑ Valle JW, Palmer D, Jackson R, Cox T, Neoptolemos JP, Ghaneh P, Rawcliffe CL, Bassi C, Stocken DD, Cunningham D, O'Reilly D, Goldstein D, Robinson BA, Karapetis C, Scarfe A, Lacaine F, Sand J, Izbicki JR, Mayerle J, Dervenis C, Oláh A, Butturini G, Lind PA, Middleton MR, Anthoney A, Sumpter K, Carter R, Büchler MW (2014). "Optimal duration and timing of adjuvant chemotherapy after definitive surgery for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: ongoing lessons from the ESPAC-3 study". J. Clin. Oncol. 32 (6): 504–12. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.50.7657. PMID 24419109.
  9. ↑ Mirkin KA, Greenleaf EK, Hollenbeak CS, Wong J (2016). "Time to the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy does not impact survival in patients with resected pancreatic cancer". Cancer. 122 (19): 2979–87. doi:10.1002/cncr.30163. PMID 27328270.
  10. ↑ Neoptolemos JP, Palmer DH, Ghaneh P, Psarelli EE, Valle JW, Halloran CM, Faluyi O, O'Reilly DA, Cunningham D, Wadsley J, Darby S, Meyer T, Gillmore R, Anthoney A, Lind P, Glimelius B, Falk S, Izbicki JR, Middleton GW, Cummins S, Ross PJ, Wasan H, McDonald A, Crosby T, Ma YT, Patel K, Sherriff D, Soomal R, Borg D, Sothi S, Hammel P, Hackert T, Jackson R, Büchler MW (2017). "Comparison of adjuvant gemcitabine and capecitabine with gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer (ESPAC-4): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 389 (10073): 1011–1024. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32409-6. PMID 28129987.
  11. ↑ Bakkevold KE, Arnesjø B, Dahl O, Kambestad B (1993). "Adjuvant combination chemotherapy (AMF) following radical resection of carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--results of a controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre study". Eur. J. Cancer. 29A (5): 698–703. PMID 8471327.
  12. ↑ Pisters PW, Abbruzzese JL, Janjan NA, Cleary KR, Charnsangavej C, Goswitz MS, Rich TA, Raijman I, Wolff RA, Lenzi R, Lee JE, Evans DB (1998). "Rapid-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and intraoperative radiation therapy for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma". J. Clin. Oncol. 16 (12): 3843–50. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.12.3843. PMID 9850029.
  13. ↑ Pisters PW, Wolff RA, Janjan NA, Cleary KR, Charnsangavej C, Crane CN, Lenzi R, Vauthey JN, Lee JE, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB (2002). "Preoperative paclitaxel and concurrent rapid-fractionation radiation for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: toxicities, histologic response rates, and event-free outcome". J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (10): 2537–44. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.11.064. PMID 12011133.
  14. ↑ Kadera BE, Sunjaya DB, Isacoff WH, Li L, Hines OJ, Tomlinson JS, Dawson DW, Rochefort MM, Donald GW, Clerkin BM, Reber HA, Donahue TR (2014). "Locally advanced pancreatic cancer: association between prolonged preoperative treatment and lymph-node negativity and overall survival". JAMA Surg. 149 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2690. PMID 24306217.
  15. ↑ Loehrer PJ, Feng Y, Cardenes H, Wagner L, Brell JM, Cella D, Flynn P, Ramanathan RK, Crane CH, Alberts SR, Benson AB (2011). "Gemcitabine alone versus gemcitabine plus radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial". J. Clin. Oncol. 29 (31): 4105–12. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.8904. PMC 3525836. PMID 21969502.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Xia BT, Fu B, Wang J, Kim Y, Ahmad SA, Dhar VK, Levinsky NC, Hanseman DJ, Habib DA, Wilson GC, Smith M, Olowokure OO, Kharofa J, Al Humaidi AH, Choe KA, Abbott DE, Ahmad SA (2017). "Does radiologic response correlate to pathologic response in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for borderline resectable pancreatic malignancy?". J Surg Oncol. 115 (4): 376–383. doi:10.1002/jso.24538. PMID 28105634.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ferrone CR, Marchegiani G, Hong TS, Ryan DP, Deshpande V, McDonnell EI, Sabbatino F, Santos DD, Allen JN, Blaszkowsky LS, Clark JW, Faris JE, Goyal L, Kwak EL, Murphy JE, Ting DT, Wo JY, Zhu AX, Warshaw AL, Lillemoe KD, Fernández-del Castillo C (2015). "Radiological and surgical implications of neoadjuvant treatment with FOLFIRINOX for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer". Ann. Surg. 261 (1): 12–7. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000867. PMC 4349683. PMID 25599322.
  18. ↑ Motoi F, Ishida K, Fujishima F, Ottomo S, Oikawa M, Okada T, Shimamura H, Takemura S, Ono F, Akada M, Nakagawa K, Katayose Y, Egawa S, Unno M (2013). "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and S-1 for resectable and borderline pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: results from a prospective multi-institutional phase 2 trial". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 20 (12): 3794–801. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-3129-9. PMID 23838925.
  19. ↑ Sahora K, Kuehrer I, Eisenhut A, Akan B, Koellblinger C, Goetzinger P, Teleky B, Jakesz R, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Ba'ssalamah A, Zielinski C, Gnant M (2011). "NeoGemOx: Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced, nonmetastasized pancreatic cancer". Surgery. 149 (3): 311–20. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2010.07.048. PMID 20817204.
  20. ↑ Huguet F, Girard N, Guerche CS, Hennequin C, Mornex F, Azria D (2009). "Chemoradiotherapy in the management of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a qualitative systematic review". J. Clin. Oncol. 27 (13): 2269–77. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7921. PMID 19307501.
  21. ↑ Gillen S, Schuster T, Meyer Zum Büschenfelde C, Friess H, Kleeff J (2010). "Preoperative/neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of response and resection percentages". PLoS Med. 7 (4): e1000267. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000267. PMC 2857873. PMID 20422030.
  22. ↑ Andriulli A, Festa V, Botteri E, Valvano MR, Koch M, Bassi C, Maisonneuve P, Sebastiano PD (2012). "Neoadjuvant/preoperative gemcitabine for patients with localized pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19 (5): 1644–62. doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2110-8. PMID 22012027.
  23. ↑ Greer SE, Pipas JM, Sutton JE, Zaki BI, Tsapakos M, Colacchio TA, Gibson JJ, Wiener DC, Ripple GH, Barth RJ (2008). "Effect of neoadjuvant therapy on local recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 206 (3): 451–7. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.10.002. PMID 18308215.
  24. ↑ Kim HJ, Czischke K, Brennan MF, Conlon KC (2002). "Does neoadjuvant chemoradiation downstage locally advanced pancreatic cancer?". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 6 (5): 763–9. PMID 12399067.
  25. ↑ Bajetta E, Di Bartolomeo M, Stani SC, Artale S, Ricci SB, Bozzetti F, Mazzaferro V, Toffolatti L, Buzzoni R (1999). "Chemoradiotherapy as preoperative treatment in locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer patients: results of a feasibility study". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 45 (2): 285–9. PMID 10487547.
  26. ↑ Krzyzanowska MK, Weeks JC, Earle CC (2003). "Treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer in the real world: population-based practices and effectiveness". J. Clin. Oncol. 21 (18): 3409–14. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.03.007. PMID 12972517.
  27. ↑ Massucco P, Capussotti L, Magnino A, Sperti E, Gatti M, Muratore A, Sgotto E, Gabriele P, Aglietta M (2006). "Pancreatic resections after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced ductal adenocarcinoma: analysis of perioperative outcome and survival". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13 (9): 1201–8. doi:10.1245/s10434-006-9032-x. PMID 16955382.
  28. ↑ Aristu J, Cañón R, Pardo F, Martínez-Monge R, Martin-Algarra S, Manuel Ordoñez J, Villafranca E, Moreno M, Cambeiro M, Azinovic I (2003). "Surgical resection after preoperative chemoradiotherapy benefits selected patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer". Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 26 (1): 30–6. PMID 12576921.
  29. ↑ Turrini O, Viret F, Moureau-Zabotto L, Guiramand J, Moutardier V, Lelong B, Giovannini M, Delpero JR (2009). "Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy for initially locally advanced head pancreatic adenocarcinoma". Eur J Surg Oncol. 35 (12): 1306–11. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2009.06.005. PMID 19576722.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Khorana AA, Mangu PB, Berlin J, Engebretson A, Hong TS, Maitra A, Mohile SG, Mumber M, Schulick R, Shapiro M, Urba S, Zeh HJ, Katz MH (2016). "Potentially Curable Pancreatic Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline". J. Clin. Oncol. 34 (21): 2541–56. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.5553. PMID 27247221.
  31. ↑ Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 371 (11): 1039–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1404198. PMID 25207767.
  32. ↑ Khorana AA, Mangu PB, Berlin J, Engebretson A, Hong TS, Maitra A, Mohile SG, Mumber M, Schulick R, Shapiro M, Urba S, Zeh HJ, Katz M (2017). "Potentially Curable Pancreatic Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update". J. Clin. Oncol. 35 (20): 2324–2328. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.72.4948. PMID 28398845. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  33. ↑ Sanjay P, Takaori K, Govil S, Shrikhande SV, Windsor JA (2012). "'Artery-first' approaches to pancreatoduodenectomy". Br J Surg. 99 (8): 1027–35. doi:10.1002/bjs.8763. PMID 22569924.
  34. ↑ Gurusamy KS, Kumar S, Davidson BR, Fusai G (2014). "Resection versus other treatments for locally advanced pancreatic cancer". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD010244. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010244.pub2. PMID 24578248.
  35. ↑ Doi R, Imamura M, Hosotani R, Imaizumi T, Hatori T, Takasaki K, Funakoshi A, Wakasugi H, Asano T, Hishinuma S, Ogata Y, Sunamura M, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka M, Takao S, Aikou T, Hirata K, Maguchi H, Aiura K, Aoki T, Kakita A, Sasaki M, Ozaki M, Matsusue S, Higashide S, Noda H, Ikeda S, Maetani S, Yoshida S (2008). "Surgery versus radiochemotherapy for resectable locally invasive pancreatic cancer: final results of a randomized multi-institutional trial". Surg. Today. 38 (11): 1021–8. doi:10.1007/s00595-007-3745-8. PMID 18958561.
  36. ↑ Lygidakis NJ, Singh G, Bardaxoglou E, Dedemadi G, Sgourakis G, Nestoridis J, Malliotakis A, Pedonomou M, Solomou EK, Safioleas M, Alamani M, Grigorakos L, Merikas EM (2004). "Mono-bloc total spleno-pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head carcinoma with portal-mesenteric venous invasion. A prospective randomized study". Hepatogastroenterology. 51 (56): 427–33. PMID 15086174.
  37. ↑ Yamada S, Fujii T, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Kodera Y, Nakao A (2013). "Aggressive surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: evaluation of National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines". Pancreas. 42 (6): 1004–10. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e31827b2d7c. PMID 23532000.
  38. ↑ Fortner JG, Klimstra DS, Senie RT, Maclean BJ (1996). "Tumor size is the primary prognosticator for pancreatic cancer after regional pancreatectomy". Ann. Surg. 223 (2): 147–53. PMC 1235090. PMID 8597508.
  39. ↑ Sindelar WF (1989). "Clinical experience with regional pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas". Arch Surg. 124 (1): 127–32. PMID 2910241.
  40. ↑ Fortner JG (1984). "Regional pancreatectomy for cancer of the pancreas, ampulla, and other related sites. Tumor staging and results". Ann. Surg. 199 (4): 418–25. PMC 1353360. PMID 6712317.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, Sohn TA, Campbell KA, Sauter PK, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Hruban RH (2002). "Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality". Ann. Surg. 236 (3): 355–66, discussion 366–8. doi:10.1097/01.SLA.0000027272.08464.0B. PMC 1422589. PMID 12192322.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Farnell MB, Pearson RK, Sarr MG, DiMagno EP, Burgart LJ, Dahl TR, Foster N, Sargent DJ (2005). "A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma". Surgery. 138 (4): 618–28, discussion 628–30. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.044. PMID 16269290.
  43. ↑ Sun J, Yang Y, Wang X, Yu Z, Zhang T, Song J, Zhao H, Wen J, Du Y, Lau WY, Zhang Y (2014). "Meta-analysis of the efficacies of extended and standard pancreatoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas". World J Surg. 38 (10): 2708–15. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2633-9. PMID 24912627.
  44. ↑ Millikan KW, Deziel DJ, Silverstein JC, Kanjo TM, Christein JD, Doolas A, Prinz RA (1999). "Prognostic factors associated with resectable adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas". Am Surg. 65 (7): 618–23, discussion 623–4. PMID 10399969.
  45. ↑ Balcom JH, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL, Chang Y, Fernandez-del Castillo C (2001). "Ten-year experience with 733 pancreatic resections: changing indications, older patients, and decreasing length of hospitalization". Arch Surg. 136 (4): 391–8. PMID 11296108.
  46. ↑ Serrano PE, Cleary SP, Dhani N, Kim PT, Greig PD, Leung K, Moulton CA, Gallinger S, Wei AC (2015). "Improved long-term outcomes after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a comparison between two time periods". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 22 (4): 1160–7. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4196-2. PMID 25348784.
  47. ↑ Mayo SC, Nathan H, Cameron JL, Olino K, Edil BH, Herman JM, Hirose K, Schulick RD, Choti MA, Wolfgang CL, Pawlik TM (2012). "Conditional survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma resected with curative intent". Cancer. 118 (10): 2674–81. doi:10.1002/cncr.26553. PMC 3578343. PMID 21935914.
  48. ↑ Sinn M, Striefler JK, Sinn BV, Sallmon D, Bischoff S, Stieler JM, Pelzer U, Bahra M, Neuhaus P, Dörken B, Denkert C, Riess H, Oettle H (2013). "Does long-term survival in patients with pancreatic cancer really exist? Results from the CONKO-001 study". J Surg Oncol. 108 (6): 398–402. doi:10.1002/jso.23409. PMID 24038103.
  49. ↑ Ducreux M, Cuhna AS, Caramella C, Hollebecque A, Burtin P, Goéré D, Seufferlein T, Haustermans K, Van Laethem JL, Conroy T, Arnold D (2015). "Cancer of the pancreas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up". Ann. Oncol. 26 Suppl 5: v56–68. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv295. PMID 26314780.
  50. ↑ Evans DB, Farnell MB, Lillemoe KD, Vollmer C, Strasberg SM, Schulick RD (2009). "Surgical treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16 (7): 1736–44. doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0416-6. PMID 19387741.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Sohn TA, Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Talamini MA, Hruban RH, Ord SE, Sauter PK, Coleman J, Zahurak ML, Grochow LB, Abrams RA (1997). "Six hundred fifty consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s: pathology, complications, and outcomes". Ann. Surg. 226 (3): 248–57, discussion 257–60. PMC 1191017. PMID 9339931.
  52. ↑ Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, Sitzmann JV, Hruban RH, Goodman SN, Dooley WC, Coleman J, Pitt HA (1995). "Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas. 201 patients". Ann. Surg. 221 (6): 721–31, discussion 731–3. PMC 1234702. PMID 7794076.
  53. ↑ Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Yeo CJ, Lillemoe KD, Kaufman HS, Coleman J (1993). "One hundred and forty-five consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies without mortality". Ann. Surg. 217 (5): 430–5, discussion 435–8. PMC 1242815. PMID 8098202.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 van der Gaag NA, Rauws EA, van Eijck CH, Bruno MJ, van der Harst E, Kubben FJ, Gerritsen JJ, Greve JW, Gerhards MF, de Hingh IH, Klinkenbijl JH, Nio CY, de Castro SM, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Bossuyt PM, Gouma DJ (2010). "Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (2): 129–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0903230. PMID 20071702.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 McPhee JT, Hill JS, Whalen GF, Zayaruzny M, Litwin DE, Sullivan ME, Anderson FA, Tseng JF (2007). "Perioperative mortality for pancreatectomy: a national perspective". Ann. Surg. 246 (2): 246–53. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000259993.17350.3a. PMC 1933570. PMID 17667503.
  56. ↑ Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Cameron JL, Winter JM, Assumpcao L, Lillemoe KD, Wolfgang C, Hruban RH, Schulick RD, Yeo CJ, Choti MA (2007). "Prognostic relevance of lymph node ratio following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer". Surgery. 141 (5): 610–8. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2006.12.013. PMID 17462460.
  57. ↑ House MG, Gönen M, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Brennan MF, Allen PJ (2007). "Prognostic significance of pathologic nodal status in patients with resected pancreatic cancer". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 11 (11): 1549–55. doi:10.1007/s11605-007-0243-7. PMID 17786531.
  58. ↑ Raut CP, Tseng JF, Sun CC, Wang H, Wolff RA, Crane CH, Hwang R, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Lee JE, Pisters PW, Evans DB (2007). "Impact of resection status on pattern of failure and survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma". Ann. Surg. 246 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000259391.84304.2b. PMC 1899216. PMID 17592291.
  59. ↑ Geer RJ, Brennan MF (1993). "Prognostic indicators for survival after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma". Am. J. Surg. 165 (1): 68–72, discussion 72–3. PMID 8380315.
  60. ↑ Benassai G, Mastrorilli M, Quarto G, Cappiello A, Giani U, Mosella G (2000). "Survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas". Chir Ital. 52 (3): 263–70. PMID 10932371.
  61. ↑ Trede M, Schwall G, Saeger HD (1990). "Survival after pancreatoduodenectomy. 118 consecutive resections without an operative mortality". Ann. Surg. 211 (4): 447–58. PMC 1358031. PMID 2322039.
  62. ↑ Pellegrini CA, Heck CF, Raper S, Way LW (1989). "An analysis of the reduced morbidity and mortality rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy". Arch Surg. 124 (7): 778–81. PMID 2742478.
  63. ↑ Crist DW, Sitzmann JV, Cameron JL (1987). "Improved hospital morbidity, mortality, and survival after the Whipple procedure". Ann. Surg. 206 (3): 358–65. PMC 1493175. PMID 3632096.
  64. ↑ Kneuertz PJ, Pitt HA, Bilimoria KY, Smiley JP, Cohen ME, Ko CY, Pawlik TM (2012). "Risk of morbidity and mortality following hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 16 (9): 1727–35. doi:10.1007/s11605-012-1938-y. PMID 22760965.
  65. ↑ Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, Stukel TA, Lucas FL, Batista I, Welch HG, Wennberg DE (2002). "Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (15): 1128–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa012337. PMID 11948273.
  66. ↑ Birkmeyer JD, Warshaw AL, Finlayson SR, Grove MR, Tosteson AN (1999). "Relationship between hospital volume and late survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy". Surgery. 126 (2): 178–83. PMID 10455881.
  67. ↑ Bilimoria KY, Talamonti MS, Sener SF, Bilimoria MM, Stewart AK, Winchester DP, Ko CY, Bentrem DJ (2008). "Effect of hospital volume on margin status after pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 207 (4): 510–9. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.04.033. PMID 18926452.
  68. ↑ Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL (2003). "Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (22): 2117–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa035205. PMID 14645640.
  69. ↑ Gooiker GA, van Gijn W, Wouters MW, Post PN, van de Velde CJ, Tollenaar RA (2011). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the volume-outcome relationship in pancreatic surgery". Br J Surg. 98 (4): 485–94. doi:10.1002/bjs.7413. PMID 21500187.
  70. ↑ Limongelli P, Pai M, Bansi D, Thiallinagram A, Tait P, Jackson J, Habib NA, Williamson RC, Jiao LR (2007). "Correlation between preoperative biliary drainage, bile duct contamination, and postoperative outcomes for pancreatic surgery". Surgery. 142 (3): 313–8. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2007.04.022. PMID 17723881.
  71. ↑ Wente MN, Bassi C, Dervenis C, Fingerhut A, Gouma DJ, Izbicki JR, Neoptolemos JP, Padbury RT, Sarr MG, Traverso LW, Yeo CJ, Büchler MW (2007). "Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pancreatic surgery: a suggested definition by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS)". Surgery. 142 (5): 761–8. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2007.05.005. PMID 17981197.
  72. ↑ Tsao JI, Rossi RL, Lowell JA (1994). "Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Is it an adequate cancer operation". Arch Surg. 129 (4): 405–12. PMID 7908796.
  73. ↑ Johnson CD, Schwall G, Flechtenmacher J, Trede M (1993). "Resection for adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas". Br J Surg. 80 (9): 1177–9. PMID 8402126.
  74. ↑ Elliott IA, Epelboym I, Winner M, Allendorf JD, Haigh PI (2017). "Population-Level Incidence and Predictors of Surgically Induced Diabetes and Exocrine Insufficiency after Partial Pancreatic Resection". Perm J. 21. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-095. PMC 5391783. PMID 28406793.
  75. ↑ Liu A, Carmichael KA, Schallom ME, Klinkenberg WD (2017). "Retrospective review of postoperative glycemic control in patients after distal pancreatectomy". Int J Surg. 41: 86–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.060. PMID 28347869.
  76. ↑ Gilliland TM, Villafane-Ferriol N, Shah KP, Shah RM, Tran Cao HS, Massarweh NN, Silberfein EJ, Choi EA, Hsu C, McElhany AL, Barakat O, Fisher W, Van Buren G (2017). "Nutritional and Metabolic Derangements in Pancreatic Cancer and Pancreatic Resection". Nutrients. 9 (3). doi:10.3390/nu9030243. PMC 5372906. PMID 28272344.
  77. ↑ Strobel O, Brangs S, Hinz U, Pausch T, Hüttner FJ, Diener MK, Schneider L, Hackert T, Büchler MW (2017). "Incidence, risk factors and clinical implications of chyle leak after pancreatic surgery". Br J Surg. 104 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1002/bjs.10316. PMID 27763684.
  78. ↑ Müller MW, Friess H, Kleeff J, Dahmen R, Wagner M, Hinz U, Breisch-Girbig D, Ceyhan GO, Büchler MW (2007). "Is there still a role for total pancreatectomy?". Ann. Surg. 246 (6): 966–74, discussion 974–5. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815c2ca3. PMID 18043098.
  79. ↑ Brooks JR, Brooks DC, Levine JD (1989). "Total pancreatectomy for ductal cell carcinoma of the pancreas. An update". Ann. Surg. 209 (4): 405–10. PMC 1493970. PMID 2539061.
  80. ↑ Dresler CM, Fortner JG, McDermott K, Bajorunas DR (1991). "Metabolic consequences of (regional) total pancreatectomy". Ann. Surg. 214 (2): 131–40. PMC 1358512. PMID 1867520.
  81. ↑ Andrén-Sandberg A, Ihse I (1983). "Factors influencing survival after total pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer". Ann. Surg. 198 (5): 605–10. PMC 1353132. PMID 6639161.
  82. ↑ Karpoff HM, Klimstra DS, Brennan MF, Conlon KC (2001). "Results of total pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas". Arch Surg. 136 (1): 44–7, discussion 48. PMID 11146775.
  83. ↑ Tol JA, Gouma DJ, Bassi C, Dervenis C, Montorsi M, Adham M, Andrén-Sandberg A, Asbun HJ, Bockhorn M, Büchler MW, Conlon KC, Fernández-Cruz L, Fingerhut A, Friess H, Hartwig W, Izbicki JR, Lillemoe KD, Milicevic MN, Neoptolemos JP, Shrikhande SV, Vollmer CM, Yeo CJ, Charnley RM (2014). "Definition of a standard lymphadenectomy in surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a consensus statement by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS)". Surgery. 156 (3): 591–600. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2014.06.016. PMID 25061003.
  84. ↑ Jang JY, Kang MJ, Heo JS, Choi SH, Choi DW, Park SJ, Han SS, Yoon DS, Yu HC, Kang KJ, Kim SG, Kim SW (2014). "A prospective randomized controlled study comparing outcomes of standard resection and extended resection, including dissection of the nerve plexus and various lymph nodes, in patients with pancreatic head cancer". Ann. Surg. 259 (4): 656–64. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000384. PMID 24368638.
  85. ↑ Pedrazzoli S, DiCarlo V, Dionigi R, Mosca F, Pederzoli P, Pasquali C, Klöppel G, Dhaene K, Michelassi F (1998). "Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group". Ann. Surg. 228 (4): 508–17. PMC 1191525. PMID 9790340.
  86. ↑ Nimura Y, Nagino M, Takao S, Takada T, Miyazaki K, Kawarada Y, Miyagawa S, Yamaguchi A, Ishiyama S, Takeda Y, Sakoda K, Kinoshita T, Yasui K, Shimada H, Katoh H (2012). "Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy in radical pancreatoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: long-term results of a Japanese multicenter randomized controlled trial". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 19 (3): 230–41. doi:10.1007/s00534-011-0466-6. PMID 22038501.
  87. ↑ Kang MJ, Jang JY, Chang YR, Kwon W, Jung W, Kim SW (2014). "Revisiting the concept of lymph node metastases of pancreatic head cancer: number of metastatic lymph nodes and lymph node ratio according to N stage". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 21 (5): 1545–51. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-3473-9. PMID 24419758.
  88. ↑ Bergquist JR, Puig CA, Shubert CR, Groeschl RT, Habermann EB, Kendrick ML, Nagorney DM, Smoot RL, Farnell MB, Truty MJ (2016). "Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Elevation in Anatomically Resectable, Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer Is Independently Associated with Decreased Overall Survival and an Indication for Neoadjuvant Therapy: A National Cancer Database Study". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 223 (1): 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.02.009. PMID 27049786.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Cherry&oldid=1387994"