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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*The most potent risk factors for Pancreatic cancer include smoking, alcoholism, increased BMI, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and a family history of pancreatic cancer.
*The most potent risk factors for Pancreatic cancer include [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], increased [[Body mass index|BMI]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic pancreatitis]] and a family history of pancreatic cancer.
*Individuals with the following conditions are also at an increased risk of pancreatic cancer:<ref name="pmid26320426">{{cite journal| author=Goral V| title=Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. | journal=Asian Pac J Cancer Prev | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= 14 | pages= 5619-24 | pmid=26320426 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26320426  }} </ref>
*Individuals with the following conditions are also at an increased risk of pancreatic cancer:<ref name="pmid26320426">{{cite journal| author=Goral V| title=Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. | journal=Asian Pac J Cancer Prev | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= 14 | pages= 5619-24 | pmid=26320426 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26320426  }} </ref>
**Hereditary pancreatitis
**[[Hereditary pancreatitis]]
**Familial pancreatic cancer
**Familial pancreatic cancer
**Peutz-Jeghers disease
**[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome|Peutz-Jeghers disease]]
**Familial atypical mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
**Familial atypical mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
**Cystic fibrosis of pancreas,
**[[Cystic fibrosis]] of pancreas
**Familial cancer syndromes such as:
**Familial cancer syndromes such as:
***Lynch syndrome
***[[Lynch syndrome]]
***Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
***[[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] ([[FAP]])
***von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
***[[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
***Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
***[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
***Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations
***Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-[[BRCA1]] and [[BRCA2]] mutations


*Risk factors for Pancreatic cancer are illustrated in the following tables:
*Risk factors for Pancreatic cancer are illustrated in the following tables:
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|-
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| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Smoking
*[[Smoking]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Alcohol
*[[Alcohol]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Increased BMI
*Increased [[Body mass index|BMI]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Diabetes mellitus
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Chronic pancreatitis
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
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|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*BRCA1, BRCA2
*[[BRCA1]], [[BRCA2]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
*[[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] (FAP)
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
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|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Lynch syndrome
*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|Lynch syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
*[[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Gardner syndrome
*[[Gardner's syndrome|Gardner syndrome]]
|-
|-
|+
|+
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|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Inflammatory bowel disease
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
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|-
|-
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| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |  
*Peptic ulcer disease
*[[Peptic ulcer disease]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Approximate Risk'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | '''Approximate Risk'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Smoking
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Smoking]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-3 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-3 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Long-standing Diabetes mellitus
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Long-standing [[Diabetes mellitus]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Nonhereditery and Chronic Pancreatitis
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Nonhereditery and [[chronic pancreatitis]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-6 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 2-6 %
|-
|-
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| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 10-20 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 10-20 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes ([[BRCA1]], [[BRCA2]], PALB2)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 1-2 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 1-2 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11 [LKB1])
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]] (STK11 [LKB1])
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30-40 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30-40 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome) (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]] ([[Lynch syndrome]]) ([[MLH1]], [[MSH2]], [[MSH6]])
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 4 %
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 4 %
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Ataxia telangiectasia|Ataxia-telangiectasia]] (ATM)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
|-
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | Li-Fraumeni syndrome (P53)
| style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] (P53)
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Unknown
|-
|-

Revision as of 23:34, 15 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Pancreatic cancer is associated with number of predisposing risk factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental exposures. The most potent risk factors for Pancreatic cancer include smoking, alcoholism, increased BMI, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and a family history of pancreatic cancer. Individuals with hereditary pancreatitis, familial pancreatic cancer, Peutz-Jeghers disease, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and familial cancer syndromes such as lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are also at an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Other medical conditions which pose as a risk factor for Pancreatic cancer are inflammatory bowel disease, periodontal disease and peptic ulcer disease.

Risk Factors

  • Risk factors for Pancreatic cancer are illustrated in the following tables:
  • Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancers:[2]
Risk factors for Pancreatic Cancer
Risk factors
  • Family history of pancreatic cancer
Familial Cancer Syndromes
  • Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
Other medical conditions
  • Periodontal disease


  • Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer:[3]
Risk Factors and Inherited Syndromes associated with Pancreatic Cancer
Risk Factor Approximate Risk
Smoking 2-3 %
Long-standing Diabetes mellitus 2 %
Nonhereditery and chronic pancreatitis 2-6 %
Obesity, Inactivity or both 2 %
Non O Blood Group 1-2 %
Genetic Syndrome and Associated Gene or Genes
Hereditary pancreatitis (PRSS1, SPINK1) 50 %
Familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome (p16) 10-20 %
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2) 1-2 %
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11 [LKB1]) 30-40 %
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6) 4 %
Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM) Unknown
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (P53) Unknown

References

  1. ↑ Goral V (2015). "Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis". Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16 (14): 5619–24. PMID 26320426.
  2. ↑ Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ (2012). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". BMJ. 344: e2476. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2476. PMID 22592847.
  3. ↑ Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". N Engl J Med. 371 (11): 1039–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1404198. PMID 25207767.

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