Pancreatic cancer echocardiography or ultrasound: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{Cherry}} | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{Cherry}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Pancreatic cancer has a variable appearance on USG. The appearance relative to normal pancreatic tissue may be hypoechoic , isoechoic or hyperechoic. In majority of the cases, an ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright pancreatic parenchyma. Pancreatic and biliary duct dilatation is seen in case of carcinoma of the head of pancreas (Double duct sign). The disadvantage of a transabdominal USG is its inability to clearly demarcate lymphadenopathy, tumor margins and the relation of the tumor to vessels around the pancreas. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) has a high efficacy in the detection of tumors smaller than 2 cm, for local T and N staging, and prediction of vascular invasion. It has a higher resolution than transabdominal ultrasound, due to the small distance between the endoscope and pancreas through the wall of the duodenum. EUS plays an important role in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer particularly in cases where CT evaluation suggests equivocal findings. Moreover, EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis. | [[Pancreatic cancer]] has a variable appearance on [[Ultrasound|USG]]. The appearance relative to normal [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] tissue may be ''hypoechoic'', ''isoechoic'' or ''hyperechoic''. In majority of the cases, an ill defined ''hypoechoic'' mass is seen infiltrating into a bright [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] [[parenchyma]]. [[Pancreas|Pancreatic]] and [[Bile duct|biliary duct]] [[Dilation|dilatation]] is seen in case of [[Pancreatic cancer|carcinoma of the head of pancreas]] (''Double duct sign''). The disadvantage of a [[Ultrasound|transabdominal USG]] is its inability to clearly demarcate [[lymphadenopathy]], [[tumor]] margins and the relation of the [[tumor]] to [[Blood vessel|vessels]] around the [[pancreas]]. ''Endoscopic Ultrasound'' (''[[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]]'') has a high efficacy in the detection of [[Tumor|tumors]] smaller than 2 cm, for local T and N staging, and prediction of [[vascular]] invasion. It has a higher resolution than [[Ultrasound|transabdominal ultrasound]], due to the small distance between the [[Endoscopy|endoscope]] and [[pancreas]] through the wall of the [[duodenum]]. [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] plays an important role in the preoperative [[Cancer staging|staging]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] particularly in cases where [[Computed tomography|CT]] evaluation suggests equivocal findings. Moreover, [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]]-guided [[Needle aspiration biopsy|fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)]] is the best modality for obtaining a [[Diagnosis|tissue diagnosis]]. | ||
==Ultrasound== | ==Transabdominal Ultrasound== | ||
* Pancreatic cancer has a variable appearance on USG. | * [[Pancreatic cancer]] has a variable appearance on [[Ultrasound|USG]]. | ||
* The appearance relative to normal pancreatic tissue may be: | * The appearance relative to normal [[Pancreas|pancreatic tissue]] may be: | ||
** | ** ''Hypoechoic'' | ||
** | ** ''Isoechoic'' | ||
** Hyperechoic | ** ''Hyperechoic'' | ||
* In majority of the cases, an ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright pancreatic parenchyma. Ascites may also be visible. | * In majority of the cases, an ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright ''pancreatic parenchyma''. [[Ascites]] may also be visible. | ||
* Pancreatic and biliary duct dilatation is seen in case of carcinoma of the head of pancreas (Double duct sign <ref name="radio">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pancreatic-ductal-carcinoma </ref>) | * [[Pancreas|Pancreatic]] and [[Bile duct|biliary]] duct [[Dilation|dilatation]] is seen in case of [[Pancreatic cancer|carcinoma of the head of pancreas]] (Double duct sign <ref name="radio">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pancreatic-ductal-carcinoma </ref>) | ||
==== Drawbacks of Transabdominal USG: ==== | ==== Drawbacks of Transabdominal USG: ==== | ||
* USG does not clearly demarcate: | * [[Ultrasound|USG]] does not clearly demarcate: | ||
** Lymphadenopathy | ** [[Lymphadenopathy]] | ||
** Tumor margins | ** [[Tumor]] margins | ||
** The relation of the tumor to vessels around the pancreas | ** The relation of the [[tumor]] to vessels around the [[pancreas]] | ||
* USG has lower sensitivity as compared to other modalities in the detection of pancreatic cancer smaller than 2 cm. | * [[Ultrasound|USG]] has lower [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] as compared to other modalities in the detection of [[pancreatic cancer]] smaller than 2 cm. | ||
* For pancreatic cancer detection: | * For [[pancreatic cancer]] detection: | ||
** | ** [[Sensitivity (tests)|Sensitivity]]= 70% | ||
** | ** [[Specificity (tests)|Specificity]]= 95% | ||
== | == [[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic Ultrasound]] == | ||
* EUS is also operator-dependent; hence its value varies with physician expertise. | ==== Advantages ==== | ||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] has a high efficacy in the detection of [[Tumor|tumors]] smaller than 2 cm, for local T and N staging, and prediction of [[vascular]] invasion. | |||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] has a higher resolution than transabdominal [[ultrasound]], due to the small distance between the [[Endoscopy|endoscope]] and [[pancreas]] through the wall of the [[duodenum]]. | |||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] has a role in the preoperative [[Cancer staging|staging]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] particularly in cases where [[Computed tomography|CT evaluation]] suggests equivocal findings. | |||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]]-guided [[Fine needle aspiration|fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)]] is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis. | |||
==== Drawbacks ==== | |||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] is inferior to [[Computed tomography|CT]] for evaluation of distant [[metastasis]]. | |||
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]] is also operator-dependent; hence its value varies with physician expertise. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 00:01, 16 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]
Overview
Pancreatic cancer has a variable appearance on USG. The appearance relative to normal pancreatic tissue may be hypoechoic, isoechoic or hyperechoic. In majority of the cases, an ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright pancreatic parenchyma. Pancreatic and biliary duct dilatation is seen in case of carcinoma of the head of pancreas (Double duct sign). The disadvantage of a transabdominal USG is its inability to clearly demarcate lymphadenopathy, tumor margins and the relation of the tumor to vessels around the pancreas. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) has a high efficacy in the detection of tumors smaller than 2 cm, for local T and N staging, and prediction of vascular invasion. It has a higher resolution than transabdominal ultrasound, due to the small distance between the endoscope and pancreas through the wall of the duodenum. EUS plays an important role in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer particularly in cases where CT evaluation suggests equivocal findings. Moreover, EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis.
Transabdominal Ultrasound
- Pancreatic cancer has a variable appearance on USG.
- The appearance relative to normal pancreatic tissue may be:
- Hypoechoic
- Isoechoic
- Hyperechoic
- In majority of the cases, an ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright pancreatic parenchyma. Ascites may also be visible.
- Pancreatic and biliary duct dilatation is seen in case of carcinoma of the head of pancreas (Double duct sign [1])
Drawbacks of Transabdominal USG:
- USG does not clearly demarcate:
- Lymphadenopathy
- Tumor margins
- The relation of the tumor to vessels around the pancreas
- USG has lower sensitivity as compared to other modalities in the detection of pancreatic cancer smaller than 2 cm.
- For pancreatic cancer detection:
- Sensitivity= 70%
- Specificity= 95%
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Advantages
- EUS has a high efficacy in the detection of tumors smaller than 2 cm, for local T and N staging, and prediction of vascular invasion.
- EUS has a higher resolution than transabdominal ultrasound, due to the small distance between the endoscope and pancreas through the wall of the duodenum.
- EUS has a role in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer particularly in cases where CT evaluation suggests equivocal findings.
- EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis.
Drawbacks
- EUS is inferior to CT for evaluation of distant metastasis.
- EUS is also operator-dependent; hence its value varies with physician expertise.
References
- ↑ Pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pancreatic-ductal-carcinoma