Gallstone disease pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
[[Image:Gallstones.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Gall bladder]] opened to show numerous '''gallstones'''. Their brownish to greenish color suggest they are cholesterol [[Calculus (medicine)|calculi]]. Source: Wikimedia Commons]]<ref name="urlFile:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallensteine_2006_03_28.JPG |title=File:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | [[Image:Gallstones.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Gall bladder]] opened to show numerous '''gallstones'''. Their brownish to greenish color suggest they are cholesterol [[Calculus (medicine)|calculi]]. Source: Wikimedia Commons]]<ref>name="urlFile:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallensteine_2006_03_28.JPG |title=File:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including: | Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including: | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
It has long been noted that gallbladder stone formation is associated with bile supersaturation, and this still remains the most common cause for gallstone formation.[1]
Pathophysiology
Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including:
- Inherited body chemistry
- Body weight
- Gallbladder motility
- Diet
- Erythropoietic protoporphyria[3]
Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors seem to be important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones.
In addition, increased levels of the hormone estrogen as a result of pregnancy, hormone therapy, or the use of combined (estrogen-containing) forms of hormonal contraception, may increase cholesterol levels in bile and also decrease gallbladder movement, resulting in gallstone formation.
No clear relationship has been proven between diet and gallstone formation. However, low-fiber, high-cholesterol diets, and diets high in starchy foods have been suggested as contributing to gallstone formation. Other nutritional factors that may increase risk of gallstones include rapid weight loss, constipation, eating fewer meals per day, eating less fish, and low intakes of the nutrients folate, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin C.[4] On the other hand, wine and whole grain bread may decrease the risk of gallstones.[5]
Associated Conditions
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 2[6]
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Gallbladder Cancer
- Gallbladder Polyps
- Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- Porcelain Gallbladder
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, multiple small stones are commonly found or less commonly a solitary stone is seen. The smaller stones represent a higher morbidity since they can easily occlude the biliary tracts.[7]
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, variable evidences of inflammation can be noted transmurally including neutrophils, which are characteristic in gallstone disease.[8]
References
- ↑ Wang HH, Portincasa P, Wang DQ (2008). "Molecular pathophysiology and physical chemistry of cholesterol gallstones". Front. Biosci. 13: 401–23. PMID 17981556.
- ↑ name="urlFile:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons">"File:Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG - Wikimedia Commons".
- ↑ "Erythropoietic Protoporphyria". Merck Manual. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ↑ R.M. Ortega (1997). "Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 16: 88–95. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ European Journal Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 6: 585–593. 1995. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Li S, Huang Y, Fu Y, He P, Tang A, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L (2017). "Gallstone Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes". Sci Rep. 7 (1): 15853. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14801-2. PMID 29158491.
- ↑ Ansert, Sandra (2018). Textbook of diagnostic sonography. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323353755.
- ↑ Fisher, M. M. (1979). Gallstones. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 1461570662.
