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| | Spontaneous coronary artery dissection may occur as a result of predisposing factors (e.g., [[vasculopathy]], [[connective tissue disorder]], [[systemic inflammation]]) compounded by precipitating stressors (e.g., [[exercise|strenuous exercise]], [[emotional stress]], [[medications]]). |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| * [[Atherosclerosis]]
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| * [[Bicuspid aortic stenosis]]<ref>Archives of cardiovascular diseases. Volume 102, n° 12 pages 857-858 (décembre 2009).</ref>
| | The phenotypic manifestation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) may occur as a result of predisposing factors compounded by precipitating stressors.<ref name="SawMancini2016">{{cite journal|last1=Saw|first1=Jacqueline|last2=Mancini|first2=G.B. John|last3=Humphries|first3=Karin H.|title=Contemporary Review on Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=68|issue=3|year=2016|pages=297–312|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.034}}</ref> The presence of either predisposing or precipitating factors increases the risk of developing a dissection. The potential risk factors include:<ref name="SawAymong2014">{{cite journal|last1=Saw|first1=J.|last2=Aymong|first2=E.|last3=Sedlak|first3=T.|last4=Buller|first4=C. E.|last5=Starovoytov|first5=A.|last6=Ricci|first6=D.|last7=Robinson|first7=S.|last8=Vuurmans|first8=T.|last9=Gao|first9=M.|last10=Humphries|first10=K.|last11=Mancini|first11=G. B. J.|title=Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Association With Predisposing Arteriopathies and Precipitating Stressors and Cardiovascular Outcomes|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions|volume=7|issue=5|year=2014|pages=645–655|issn=1941-7640|doi=10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001760}}</ref> |
| * [[Chest trauma]]
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| * [[Cocaine abuse]]<ref name="pmid19850267">{{cite journal |author=Ijsselmuiden A, Verheye S |title=Cocaine-induced coronary artery dissection |journal=[[JACC. Cardiovascular Interventions]] |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=1031 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19850267 |doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2009.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8289869">{{cite journal |author=Jaffe BD, Broderick TM, Leier CV |title=Cocaine-induced coronary-artery dissection |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=330 |issue=7 |pages=510–1 |year=1994 |month=February |pmid=8289869 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199402173300719 |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Connective tissue diseases|Connective tissue diseases:]] [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[Ehlers Danlos syndrome|Ehlers Danlos syndrome, and]] [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]<ref name="pmid18958258">{{cite journal |author=Tanis W, Stella PR, Kirkels JH, Pijlman AH, Peters RH, de Man FH |title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: current insights and therapy |journal=Neth Heart J |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=344–9 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18958258 |pmc=2570766 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19708230">{{cite journal |author=Fontanelli A, Olivari Z, La Vecchia L, ''et al.'' |title=Spontaneous dissections of coronary arteries and acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the DISCOVERY, a multicenter prospective registry with a case-control group |journal=[[Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=94–9 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19708230 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" |
| * [[Copper deficiency]]
| | ! style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center; width: 150px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Risk factor}} |
| * [[Coronary artery vasospasm]]
| | ! style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center; width: 850px;" colspan=2 | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Condition}} |
| * [[Emotional stress]]<ref name="pmid25294399">{{cite journal| author=Saw J, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Buller CE, Starovoytov A, Ricci D et al.| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: association with predisposing arteriopathies and precipitating stressors and cardiovascular outcomes. | journal=Circ Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 645-55 | pmid=25294399 | doi=10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001760 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25294399 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23266235">{{cite journal| author=Saw J, Ricci D, Starovoytov A, Fox R, Buller CE| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: prevalence of predisposing conditions including fibromuscular dysplasia in a tertiary center cohort. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-52 | pmid=23266235 | doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2012.08.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23266235 }} </ref>
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| * [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]<ref name="Tweet-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tweet | first1 = MS. | last2 = Hayes | first2 = SN. | last3 = Pitta | first3 = SR. | last4 = Simari | first4 = RD. | last5 = Lerman | first5 = A. | last6 = Lennon | first6 = RJ. | last7 = Gersh | first7 = BJ. | last8 = Khambatta | first8 = S. | last9 = Best | first9 = PJ. | title = Clinical features, management, and prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. | journal = Circulation | volume = 126 | issue = 5 | pages = 579-88 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.105718 | PMID = 22800851 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25294399">{{cite journal| author=Saw J, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Buller CE, Starovoytov A, Ricci D et al.| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: association with predisposing arteriopathies and precipitating stressors and cardiovascular outcomes. | journal=Circ Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 645-55 | pmid=25294399 | doi=10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001760 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25294399 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23266235">{{cite journal| author=Saw J, Ricci D, Starovoytov A, Fox R, Buller CE| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: prevalence of predisposing conditions including fibromuscular dysplasia in a tertiary center cohort. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-52 | pmid=23266235 | doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2012.08.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23266235 }} </ref>
| | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | '''Predisposing factors''' |
| * [[Hypersensitivity angiitis]] | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" colspan="2;"| |
| * [[Pregnancy|Pregnancy-related]]<ref name="pmid23266235">{{cite journal| author=Saw J, Ricci D, Starovoytov A, Fox R, Buller CE| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: prevalence of predisposing conditions including fibromuscular dysplasia in a tertiary center cohort. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-52 | pmid=23266235 | doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2012.08.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23266235 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25403597">{{cite journal| author=Vijayaraghavan R, Verma S, Gupta N, Saw J| title=Pregnancy-related spontaneous coronary artery dissection. | journal=Circulation | year= 2014 | volume= 130 | issue= 21 | pages= 1915-20 | pmid=25403597 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011422 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25403597 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26928981">{{cite journal| author=Cade JR, Szarf G, de Siqueira ME, Chaves Á, Andréa JC, Figueira HR et al.| title=Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection: insights from a case series of 13 patients. | journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=26928981 | doi=10.1093/ehjci/jew021 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26928981 }} </ref> | | * [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]] |
| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
| | * [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] |
| * [[Exercise|Strenuous physical activity]]<ref name="pmid12403896">{{cite journal |author=Choi JW, Davidson CJ |title=Spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection in a long-distance runner successfully treated with oral antiplatelet therapy |journal=[[The Journal of Invasive Cardiology]] |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=675–8 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12403896 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7606975">{{cite journal |author=Sherrid MV, Mieres J, Mogtader A, Menezes N, Steinberg G |title=Onset during exercise of spontaneous coronary artery dissection and sudden death. Occurrence in a trained athlete: case report and review of prior cases |journal=[[Chest]] |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=284–7 |year=1995 |month=July |pmid=7606975 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | * [[Pregnancy|Pregnancy-related]]: [[antepartum]], [[postpartum|early post-partum]], [[postpartum|late post-partum]], [[postpartum|very late post-partum]] |
| * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid12403902">{{cite journal |author=Aldoboni AH, Hamza EA, Majdi K, Ngibzadhe M, Palasaidi S, Moayed DA |title=Spontaneous dissection of coronary artery treated by primary stenting as the first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=[[The Journal of Invasive Cardiology]] |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=694–6 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12403902 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | * [[Pregnancy|Recurrent pregnancies]]: [[Parity (medicine)|multiparity]] or [[multigravida]] |
| * [[Vasculitis]]<ref name="pmid8665336">{{cite journal| author=Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. | journal=Heart | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 451-4 | pmid=8665336 | doi= | pmc=PMC484340 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8665336 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18958258">{{cite journal |author=Tanis W, Stella PR, Kirkels JH, Pijlman AH, Peters RH, de Man FH |title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: current insights and therapy |journal=Neth Heart J |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=344–9 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18958258 |pmc=2570766 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | * [[Connective tissue disorder]]: [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 4]], [[cystic medial necrosis]], [[alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], [[polycystic kidney disease]] |
| | * [[Systemic inflammation|Systemic inflammatory disease]]: [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[celiac disease]] |
| | * [[Hormonal therapy]]: [[oral contraceptive]], [[estrogen]], [[progesterone]], [[beta-HCG]], [[testosterone]], [[corticosteroids]] |
| | * [[Coronary artery spasm]] |
| | * [[Idiopathic]] |
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| | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | '''Precipitating stressors''' |
| | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" colspan="2;"| |
| | * [[exercise|Intense exercises]]: [[Isometric exercise]], [[aerobic exercise]] |
| | * [[emotional stress|Emotional stress]] |
| | * [[Labor|Labor and delivery]] |
| | * [[Valsalva maneuver|Valsava-type activities]]: [[retching]], [[vomiting]], [[bowel movement]], [[coughing]] |
| | * [[Recreational drugs]]: [[cocaine]], [[amphetamines]], [[methamphetamines]] |
| | * [[Hormonal therapy]]: [[beta-HCG]], [[corticosteroids]] |
| | |} |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |