Gallstone disease risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include age, sex, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include hepatic and biliary cirrhosis. | Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include [[Ageing|age]], sex, [[pregnancy]], and [[Oral contraceptive|oral contraceptives]] and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include hepatic and biliary [[cirrhosis]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
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**[[Race]] - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | **[[Race]] - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[Pregnancy]] - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **[[Pregnancy]] - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** | **[[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Diabetes Mellitus Type 2]] - Uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]] will cause motility problems in the gallbladder | ||
**Obesity - Related to a high fat or high cholesterol diet | **[[Obesity]] - Related to a high fat or high cholesterol diet | ||
===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include age, sex, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include hepatic and biliary cirrhosis.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include:
- Age - It is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69.
- Cholelithiasis rarely exists in children unless in a hemolytic state.[1]
- Sex - A higher incidence is noted in women across all age groups.[2][3][4]
- Race - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest incidence.[3]
- Pregnancy - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in multiparous women.[5]
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will cause motility problems in the gallbladder
- Obesity - Related to a high fat or high cholesterol diet
- Age - It is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69.
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include:
- Sudden weight loss
- Prolonged fasting
- Presence of Crohn's disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Liver cirrhosis
- Extensive bowel resection
- Use of medications such as
- Largactil
- Octreotide
- Clofibrate
References
- ↑ Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A (1987). "A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study". Hepatology. 7 (5): 913–7. PMID 3653855.
- ↑ Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). "Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States". Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA (1970). "Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography". N. Engl. J. Med. 283 (25): 1358–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM197012172832502. PMID 5481754.
- ↑ Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D (1995). "Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.)". Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 (2): 158–65. PMID 7817971.
- ↑ Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). "Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium". Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.