Sandbox:Hamid

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2]

Historical Perspective

Discovery

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

• The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
• In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
• In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

Classification

• There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

• [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
  • [Group1]
  • [Group2]
  • [Group3]
  • [Group4]

OR

• [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on:
  • [Classification method 1]
  • [Classification method 2]
  • [Classification method 3]
• [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on:
  • [Classification method 1]
  • [Classification method 2]
  • [Classification method 3]

OR

• Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

• If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
• According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

• The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

• There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

• The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

• It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
• [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
• Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
• [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
• The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
• The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

[Disease name] may be caused by:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

• The prevalence of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is estimated to be 1 in 25000 to 300000

Age

• Adolescent and early adulthood.

Gender

• Males and females are equally affected.

Causes

Genetic Causes

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Risk Factors

• There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

• The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

Less Common Risk Factors

• Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]