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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Activator of apoptosis harakiri''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''HRK'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9130713">{{cite journal |vauthors=Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G | title = harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) | journal = EMBO J | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 1686–94 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9130713 | pmc = 1169772 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8739| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)
| HGNCid = 5185
| Symbol = HRK
| AltSymbols =; DP5; HARAKIRI
| OMIM = 603447
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 37853
| MGIid = 1201608
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_HRK_206865_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_HRK_206864_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component =
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006917 |text = induction of apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008634 |text = negative regulation of survival gene product activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042981 |text = regulation of apoptosis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 8739
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000135116
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003797
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003806
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 12
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 115783411
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 115803615
    | Hs_Uniprot = O00198
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 12123
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_007545
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_031571
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)''', also known as '''HRK''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8739| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates [[apoptosis]] through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK.  HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.<ref name="entrez"/>
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
== Interactions ==
| summary_text = Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK.  HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8739| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
HRK (gene) has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
* [[BCL2-like 1 (gene)|BCL2-like 1]],<ref name = pmid9130713 /><ref name = pmid14596824>{{cite journal |vauthors=Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM | title = High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 322 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–8 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14596824 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014}}</ref><ref name = pmid10075695>{{cite journal |vauthors=Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M | title = The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 12 | pages = 7975–81 | date = Mar 1999 | pmid = 10075695 | doi =  10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975}}</ref> and
* [[Bcl-2]].<ref name = pmid9130713/><ref name = pmid15694340>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC | title = Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–403 | date = Feb 2005 | pmid = 15694340 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M | title = The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein. | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 12 | pages = 7975–81 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10075695 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA | title = DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination. | journal = Genome Res. | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 1788–95 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11076863 | pmc = 310948 | doi = 10.1101/gr.143000 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G |title=harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). |journal=EMBO J. |volume=16 |issue= 7 |pages= 1686-94 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9130713 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA, Naranjo JR, Fernandez-Luna JL | title = Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells. | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 20 | issue = 9 | pages = 2286–92 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11331593 | pmc = 125442 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, ''et al.'' |title=The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 12 |pages= 7975-81 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10075695 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, Zell K, Hsueh AJ | title = Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis. | journal = Apoptosis | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 319–30 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11483855 | doi = 10.1023/A:1011319901057 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA |title=DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=10 |issue= 11 |pages= 1788-95 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11076863 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S | title = Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina. | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 318 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–80 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11796190 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02487-9 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA, ''et al.'' |title=Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=20 |issue= 9 |pages= 2286-92 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11331593 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL | title = Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells. | journal = Haematologica | volume = 87 | issue = 9 | pages = 903–7 | year = 2004 | pmid = 12217801 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, ''et al.'' |title=Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis. |journal=Apoptosis |volume=6 |issue= 5 |pages= 319-30 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11483855 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S, Tilly JL, Casper RF | title = Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation. | journal = Mol. Hum. Reprod. | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 133–41 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12606589 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/gag016 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S |title=Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina. |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=318 |issue= 2 |pages= 77-80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11796190 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM | title = High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins. | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 322 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–8 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14596824 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL |title=Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells. |journal=Haematologica |volume=87 |issue= 9 |pages= 903-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12217801 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A, Sasaki Y, Ogi K, Akino K, Suzuki H, Murai M, Kikuchi T, Mita H, Itoh F, Issa JP, Tokino T, Imai K | title = Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer. | journal = Clin. Cancer Res. | volume = 9 | issue = 17 | pages = 6410–8 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14695142 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N, Tomiyama A, Sakurada K, Sugiyama A, Kang D, Tashiro F, Gotoh Y, Kuchino Y, Kitanaka C | title = Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32. | journal = Cell Death Differ. | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 771–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15031724 | doi = 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation. |journal=Mol. Hum. Reprod. |volume=9 |issue= 3 |pages= 133-41 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12606589 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC | title = Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function. | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–403 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15694340 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM |title=High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins. |journal=Anal. Biochem. |volume=322 |issue= 2 |pages= 170-8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14596824 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE, Bonzon C, Sullivan BA, Green DR, Newmeyer DD | title = BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly. | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 525–35 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15721256 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer. |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=9 |issue= 17 |pages= 6410-8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14695142 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M, Wei G, Korsmeyer S, Armstrong SA, Letai A | title = Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members. | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 351–65 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16697956 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N, ''et al.'' |title=Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32. |journal=Cell Death Differ. |volume=11 |issue= 7 |pages= 771-81 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15031724 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, ''et al.'' |title=Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=17 |issue= 3 |pages= 393-403 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15694340 |doi= 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE, ''et al.'' |title=BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=17 |issue= 4 |pages= 525-35 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15721256 |doi= 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M, ''et al.'' |title=Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members. |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=9 |issue= 5 |pages= 351-65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16697956 |doi= 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
 
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Latest revision as of 14:04, 31 August 2017

VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

n/a

n/a

Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Activator of apoptosis harakiri is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HRK gene.[1][2]

Function

Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK. HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.[2]

Interactions

HRK (gene) has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (May 1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686. PMC 1169772. PMID 9130713.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)".
  3. ↑ Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (Nov 2003). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014. PMID 14596824.
  4. ↑ Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M (Mar 1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975. PMID 10075695.
  5. ↑ Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (Feb 2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.

Further reading

  • Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M (1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975. PMID 10075695.
  • Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
  • Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA, Naranjo JR, Fernandez-Luna JL (2001). "Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells". EMBO J. 20 (9): 2286–92. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286. PMC 125442. PMID 11331593.
  • Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, Zell K, Hsueh AJ (2001). "Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis". Apoptosis. 6 (5): 319–30. doi:10.1023/A:1011319901057. PMID 11483855.
  • Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S (2002). "Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina". Neurosci. Lett. 318 (2): 77–80. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02487-9. PMID 11796190.
  • Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL (2004). "Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells". Haematologica. 87 (9): 903–7. PMID 12217801.
  • Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S, Tilly JL, Casper RF (2003). "Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 9 (3): 133–41. doi:10.1093/molehr/gag016. PMID 12606589.
  • Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (2004). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014. PMID 14596824.
  • Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A, Sasaki Y, Ogi K, Akino K, Suzuki H, Murai M, Kikuchi T, Mita H, Itoh F, Issa JP, Tokino T, Imai K (2004). "Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (17): 6410–8. PMID 14695142.
  • Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N, Tomiyama A, Sakurada K, Sugiyama A, Kang D, Tashiro F, Gotoh Y, Kuchino Y, Kitanaka C (2005). "Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32". Cell Death Differ. 11 (7): 771–81. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418. PMID 15031724.
  • Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.
  • Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE, Bonzon C, Sullivan BA, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (2005). "BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly". Mol. Cell. 17 (4): 525–35. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003. PMID 15721256.
  • Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M, Wei G, Korsmeyer S, Armstrong SA, Letai A (2006). "Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members". Cancer Cell. 9 (5): 351–65. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027. PMID 16697956.


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