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{{PBB|geneid=2922}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Gastrin-releasing peptide''', also known as '''GRP''', is an important regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans.<br />
'''Gastrin-releasing peptide''', also known as '''GRP''', is a [[neuropeptide]], a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of [[Gastrin]] from the [[G cell]]s of the stomach.
The corresponding human [[gene]] has been identified.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2922| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid6207529">{{cite journal | author = Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF | title = Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 81 | issue = 18 | pages = 5699–703 | year = 1984 | month = September | pmid = 6207529 | pmc = 391778 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6207529 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid3001723">{{cite journal | author = Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW | title = Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–23 | year = 1986 | month = January | pmid = 3001723 | pmc = 322782 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.83.1.19| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3001723 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid3027901">{{cite journal | author = Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, Hollis GF, McBride OW, Battey J | title = Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21 | journal = Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–6 | year = 1987 | month = January | pmid = 3027901 | doi = 10.1007/BF02422302| url = | issn = }}</ref> This gene encodes a member of the [[bombesin]]-like family of [[gastrin]]-releasing peptides. Its 148 [[amino acid]] (AA) [[preproprotein]], following cleavage of a [[signal peptide]], is further processed to produce either the 27 AA gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10 AA neuromedin C. These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2922| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
The [[gene]] from which GRP is derived encodes a number of [[bombesin]]-like peptides.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2922| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid6207529">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF | title = Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 81 | issue = 18 | pages = 5699–703 |date=September 1984 | pmid = 6207529 | pmc = 391778 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6207529 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid3001723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW | title = Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–23 |date=January 1986 | pmid = 3001723 | pmc = 322782 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.83.1.19| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3001723 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid3027901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, Hollis GF, McBride OW, Battey J | title = Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21 | journal = Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–6 |date=January 1987 | pmid = 3027901 | doi = 10.1007/BF02422302| url = | issn = }}</ref> Its 148-[[amino acid]] [[preproprotein]], following cleavage of a [[signal peptide]], is further processed to produce either the 27-amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10-amino acid neuromedin C. These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.<ref name="entrez"/>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function.<ref name="Merali">{{cite journal |vauthors=Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H | title = Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake | journal = Neuropeptides | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 376–86 |date=October 1999 | pmid = 10657515 | doi = 10.1054/npep.1999.0054 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The post-ganglionic fibers of the [[vagus nerve]] that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release [[gastrin]].
GRP is also involved in the [[biology]] of the [[circadian]] system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the [[suprachiasmatic nuclei]] of the [[hypothalamus]].


Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and motor function.<ref name="Merali">{{cite journal | author = Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H | title = Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake | journal = Neuropeptides | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 376–86 | year = 1999 | month = October | pmid = 10657515 | doi = 10.1054/npep.1999.0054 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The post-ganglionic fibers of the [[vagus nerve]] that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release [[gastrin]]. GRP is also involved in the [[biology]] of the [[circadian]] system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the [[suprachiasmatic nuclei]] of the [[hypothalamus]]. Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that [[atropine]] does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.
Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that [[atropine]] does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.


== Gene ==
== Gene ==
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== Synthesis ==
== Synthesis ==


PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the proGRP, which is then processed (by proteolytic cleavages), to form smaller GRP peptides. <ref name=Merali/>
PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the proGRP, which is then processed (by proteolytic cleavages), to form smaller GRP peptides.<ref name=Merali/>


These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin.  GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. These peptides are also likely to play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.<ref name=Merali/>
These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin.  GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.<ref name=Merali/>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==


Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C are likely to play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.<ref name="entrez"/>
Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C, it is postulated, play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.<ref name="entrez"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal  | author=Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H |title=Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=33 |issue= 5 |pages= 376–86 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10657515 |doi= 10.1054/npep.1999.0054 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H |title=Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=33 |issue= 5 |pages= 376–86 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10657515 |doi= 10.1054/npep.1999.0054 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA |title=Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) binding sites in human bronchi |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=21 |issue= 2 |pages= 81–4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1557184 |doi=10.1016/0143-4179(92)90518-2  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA |title=Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) binding sites in human bronchi |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=21 |issue= 2 |pages= 81–4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1557184 |doi=10.1016/0143-4179(92)90518-2  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW |title=Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= 1 |pages= 19–23 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3001723 |doi=10.1073/pnas.83.1.19 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW |title=Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= 1 |pages= 19–23 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3001723 |doi=10.1073/pnas.83.1.19 |pmc=322782}}
*{{cite journal | author=Sausville EA, Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Spindel ER, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=261 |issue= 5 |pages= 2451–7 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3003116 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Sausville EA, Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Spindel ER, etal |title=Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=261 |issue= 5 |pages= 2451–7 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3003116 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, ''et al.'' |title=Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21 |journal=Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 81–6 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3027901 |doi=10.1007/BF02422302  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, etal |title=Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21 |journal=Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 81–6 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3027901 |doi=10.1007/BF02422302  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Spindel E, Chin WW |title=Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene is located on chromosome 18 |journal=Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 87–91 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3027902 |doi=10.1007/BF02422303  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Spindel E, Chin WW |title=Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene is located on chromosome 18 |journal=Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 1 |pages= 87–91 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3027902 |doi=10.1007/BF02422303  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Kasprzyk PG, Raum MG, ''et al.'' |title=Posttranslational processing of endogenous and of baculovirus-expressed human gastrin-releasing peptide precursor |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 8 |pages= 3129–35 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3211139 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Kasprzyk PG, Raum MG, etal |title=Posttranslational processing of endogenous and of baculovirus-expressed human gastrin-releasing peptide precursor |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 8 |pages= 3129–35 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3211139 |doi= |pmc=363540}}
*{{cite journal | author=Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=81 |issue= 18 |pages= 5699–703 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6207529 |doi=10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, etal |title=Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=81 |issue= 18 |pages= 5699–703 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6207529 |doi=10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699 |pmc=391778}}
*{{cite journal | author=Benya RV, Kusui T, Pradhan TK, ''et al.'' |title=Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=47 |issue= 1 |pages= 10–20 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7838118 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Benya RV, Kusui T, Pradhan TK, etal |title=Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=47 |issue= 1 |pages= 10–20 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7838118 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Moody TW, Zia F, Venugopal R, ''et al.'' |title=Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates cyclic AMP, arachidonic acid release, and growth of lung cancer cells |journal=Peptides |volume=15 |issue= 2 |pages= 281–5 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8008632 |doi=10.1016/0196-9781(94)90013-2  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Moody TW, Zia F, Venugopal R, etal |title=Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates cyclic AMP, arachidonic acid release, and growth of lung cancer cells |journal=Peptides |volume=15 |issue= 2 |pages= 281–5 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8008632 |doi=10.1016/0196-9781(94)90013-2  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Frankel A, Tsao MS, Viallet J |title=Receptor subtype expression and responsiveness to bombesin in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=54 |issue= 7 |pages= 1613–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8137267 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Frankel A, Tsao MS, Viallet J |title=Receptor subtype expression and responsiveness to bombesin in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=54 |issue= 7 |pages= 1613–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8137267 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Lü F, Jin T, Drucker DJ |title=Proglucagon gene expression is induced by gastrin-releasing peptide in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line |journal=Endocrinology |volume=137 |issue= 9 |pages= 3710–6 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8756537 |doi=10.1210/en.137.9.3710  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lü F, Jin T, Drucker DJ |title=Proglucagon gene expression is induced by gastrin-releasing peptide in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line |journal=Endocrinology |volume=137 |issue= 9 |pages= 3710–6 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8756537 |doi=10.1210/en.137.9.3710  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bertenshaw GP, Turk BE, Hubbard SJ, ''et al.'' |title=Marked differences between metalloproteases meprin A and B in substrate and peptide bond specificity |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 16 |pages= 13248–55 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11278902 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M011414200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Bertenshaw GP, Turk BE, Hubbard SJ, etal |title=Marked differences between metalloproteases meprin A and B in substrate and peptide bond specificity |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 16 |pages= 13248–55 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11278902 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M011414200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Proost P, ''et al.'' |title=Kinetic study of the processing by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 of neuropeptides involved in pancreatic insulin secretion |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=507 |issue= 3 |pages= 327–30 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11696365 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02982-9  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Proost P, etal |title=Kinetic study of the processing by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 of neuropeptides involved in pancreatic insulin secretion |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=507 |issue= 3 |pages= 327–30 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11696365 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02982-9  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mason S, Smart D, Marshall IC, ''et al.'' |title=Identification and characterisation of functional bombesin receptors in human astrocytes |journal=Eur. J. Pharmacol. |volume=438 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 25–34 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11906707 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01268-2  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mason S, Smart D, Marshall IC, etal |title=Identification and characterisation of functional bombesin receptors in human astrocytes |journal=Eur. J. Pharmacol. |volume=438 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 25–34 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11906707 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01268-2  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Carroll RE, Matkowskyj K, Saunthararajah Y, ''et al.'' |title=Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract |journal=Mech. Dev. |volume=113 |issue= 2 |pages= 121–30 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11960700 |doi=10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00032-1  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Carroll RE, Matkowskyj K, Saunthararajah Y, etal |title=Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract |journal=Mech. Dev. |volume=113 |issue= 2 |pages= 121–30 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11960700 |doi=10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00032-1  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Uchida K, Kojima A, Morokawa N, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=128 |issue= 12 |pages= 633–40 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12474049 |doi= 10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Uchida K, Kojima A, Morokawa N, etal |title=Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=128 |issue= 12 |pages= 633–40 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12474049 |doi= 10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 |pmc=139241}}
*{{cite journal | author=Schneider J, Philipp M, Velcovsky HG, ''et al.'' |title=Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) in patients with lung cancer in comparison to other lung diseases |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=23 |issue= 2A |pages= 885–93 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12820318 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Schneider J, Philipp M, Velcovsky HG, etal |title=Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) in patients with lung cancer in comparison to other lung diseases |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=23 |issue= 2A |pages= 885–93 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12820318 |doi=  }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{gene-18-stub}}


==External links==
==External links==
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* {{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch2/s6ch2_35}}
* {{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch2/s6ch2_35}}


{{Cell-biology-stub}}
{{Neuropeptides}}
{{Neuropeptides}}
{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}
{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}
[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
[[de:Gastrin Releasing Peptide]]
[[it:Peptide rilasciante la gastrina]]


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[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]

Revision as of 09:43, 31 August 2017

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SpeciesHumanMouse
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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of Gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.

The gene from which GRP is derived encodes a number of bombesin-like peptides.[1][2][3][4] Its 148-amino acid preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27-amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10-amino acid neuromedin C. These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.[1]

Function

Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function.[5] The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

GRP is also involved in the biology of the circadian system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that atropine does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.

Gene

The human GRP gene is located on chromosome 18. PreproGRP (the unprocessed form of GRP) is encoded in three exons separated by two introns.[4] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[1]

Synthesis

PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the proGRP, which is then processed (by proteolytic cleavages), to form smaller GRP peptides.[5]

These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin. GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.[5]

Clinical significance

Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C, it is postulated, play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide".
  2. ↑ Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF (September 1984). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (18): 5699–703. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699. PMC 391778. PMID 6207529.
  3. ↑ Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW (January 1986). "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.19. PMC 322782. PMID 3001723.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, Hollis GF, McBride OW, Battey J (January 1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 81–6. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID 3027901.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H (October 1999). "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake". Neuropeptides. 33 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID 10657515.

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Gastrin-releasing_peptide&oldid=1418431"