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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PRAME'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9047241">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ikeda H, Lethé B, Lehmann F, van Baren N, Baurain JF, de Smet C, Chambost H, Vitale M, Moretta A, Boon T, Coulie PG | title = Characterization of an antigen that is recognized on a melanoma showing partial HLA loss by CTL expressing an NK inhibitory receptor | journal = Immunity | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–208 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9047241 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80426-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10591208">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP | title = The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22 | journal = Nature | volume = 402 | issue = 6761 | pages = 489–95 | date = Dec 1999 | pmid = 10591208 | pmc = | doi = 10.1038/990031 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRAME preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23532| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma
| HGNCid = 9336
| Symbol = PRAME
| AltSymbols =; MAPE; OIP4
| OMIM = 606021
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 48404
| MGIid = 
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PRAME_204086_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component =
| Process =
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 23532
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000185686
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_006106
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006115
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 22
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 21220124
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 21231768
    | Hs_Uniprot = P78395
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = 
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma''', also known as '''PRAME''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRAME preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23532| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in human [[melanoma]]s and that is recognized by cytolytic [[T lymphocyte]]s. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other CT antigens, such as [[Melanoma-associated antigen|MAGE]], [[BAGE (gene)|BAGE]] and [[GAGE (gene)|GAGE]]. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute [[leukemia]]s. Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.<ref name="entrez"/> Interestingly, the PRAME gene is localized between the variable subgenes for light chain of immunoglobulins (Ig), and it is lost in B lymphocytes that rearrange specific lambda variable Ig subgenes.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=23608880 | doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.018 | volume=37 | title=The origin of deletion 22q11 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus | year=2013 | journal=Leuk Res | pages=802–8 | vauthors=Mraz M, Stano Kozubik K, Plevova K, Musilova K, Tichy B, Borsky M, Kuglik P, Doubek M, Brychtova Y, Mayer J, Pospisilova S}}</ref>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in human melanomas and that is recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other CT antigens, such as MAGE, BAGE and GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute leukemias. Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRAME preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23532| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
== Model organisms ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
[[Model organism]]s have been used in the study of PRAME function. A conditional [[knockout mouse]] line called ''Prame<sup>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</sup>'' was generated at the [[Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]].<ref name="mgp_reference">{{cite journal |title=The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice |author=Gerdin AK |year=2010 |journal=Acta Ophthalmologica|volume=88 |pages=925–7|doi=10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x }}</ref> Male and female animals underwent a standardized [[phenotypic screen]]<ref name="IMPCsearch_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.mousephenotype.org/data/search?q=Prame#fq=*:*&facet=gene |title=International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium}}</ref> to determine the effects of deletion.<ref name="pmid21677750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A | title = A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 337–42 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677750 | pmc = 3572410 | doi = 10.1038/nature10163 }}</ref><ref name="mouse_library">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = Mouse library set to be knockout | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 262–3 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677718 | doi = 10.1038/474262a }}</ref><ref name="mouse_for_all_reasons">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W | title = A mouse for all reasons | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | date = Jan 2007 | pmid = 17218247 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23870131">{{cite journal | vauthors = White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP | title = Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes | journal = Cell | volume = 154 | issue = 2 | pages = 452–64 | date = Jul 2013 | pmid = 23870131 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022 | pmc=3717207}}</ref> Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping<ref name="iii_ref">{{cite web |url= http://www.immunophenotyping.org/data/search?keys=Prame&field_gene_construct_tid=All |title=Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: left;" |
|+ ''Prame'' knockout mouse phenotype
|-
! Characteristic!! Phenotype
|-
| colspan=2; style="text-align: center;" | All data available at.<ref name="IMPCsearch_ref"/><ref name="iii_ref" />
|-
| Insulin || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Homozygous viability at P14 || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Homozygous Fertility || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Body weight || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Neurological assessment || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Grip strength || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Dysmorphology]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Indirect calorimetry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Glucose tolerance test]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Auditory brainstem response]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry|DEXA]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Radiography]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Eye morphology || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| [[Clinical chemistry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| ''[[Haematology]]'' 16 Weeks || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Peripheral blood leukocytes 16 Weeks || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| ''[[Salmonella]]'' infection || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Spleen Immunophenotyping || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Mesenteric Lymph Node Immunophenotyping || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
 
|-
| Epidermal Immune Composition || bgcolor="#C40000"|Abnormal
 
|-
|}
{{clear|left}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan K, Zeuthen J | title = The immunogenic properties of melanoma-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes | journal = Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–32 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9619397 | doi = 10.1159/000019050 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsushita M, Yamazaki R, Ikeda H, Kawakami Y | title = Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hematological malignancies | journal = Leukemia & Lymphoma | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 439–44 | date = Mar 2003 | pmid = 12688312 | doi = 10.1080/1042819021000035725 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan K, Zeuthen J |title=The immunogenic properties of melanoma-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. |journal=Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. |volume=15 |issue= 1 |pages= 19-32 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9619397 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB | title = Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery | journal = Genome Research | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 791–806 | date = Sep 1996 | pmid = 8889548 | doi = 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Matsushita M, Yamazaki R, Ikeda H, Kawakami Y |title=Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hematological malignancies. |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=44 |issue= 3 |pages= 439-44 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12688312 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams JM, Chen GC, Zhu L, Rest RF | title = Using the yeast two-hybrid system to identify human epithelial cell proteins that bind gonococcal Opa proteins: intracellular gonococci bind pyruvate kinase via their Opa proteins and require host pyruvate for growth | journal = Molecular Microbiology | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 171–86 | date = Jan 1998 | pmid = 9466265 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00670.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791-806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Neumann E, Engelsberg A, Decker J, Störkel S, Jaeger E, Huber C, Seliger B | title = Heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 75 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell-based immunotherapies? | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 58 | issue = 18 | pages = 4090–5 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9751617 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ikeda H, Lethé B, Lehmann F, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of an antigen that is recognized on a melanoma showing partial HLA loss by CTL expressing an NK inhibitory receptor. |journal=Immunity |volume=6 |issue= 2 |pages= 199-208 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9047241 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = van Baren N, Chambost H, Ferrant A, Michaux L, Ikeda H, Millard I, Olive D, Boon T, Coulie PG | title = PRAME, a gene encoding an antigen recognized on a human melanoma by cytolytic T cells, is expressed in acute leukaemia cells | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 102 | issue = 5 | pages = 1376–9 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9753074 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00982.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Williams JM, Chen GC, Zhu L, Rest RF |title=Using the yeast two-hybrid system to identify human epithelial cell proteins that bind gonococcal Opa proteins: intracellular gonococci bind pyruvate kinase via their Opa proteins and require host pyruvate for growth. |journal=Mol. Microbiol. |volume=27 |issue= 1 |pages= 171-86 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9466265 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Watari K, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T, Nagamura F, Takeshita A, Fukushima T, Motoji T, Tani K, Asano S | title = Identification of a melanoma antigen, PRAME, as a BCR/ABL-inducible gene | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 466 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 367–71 | date = Jan 2000 | pmid = 10682862 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01112-1 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Neumann E, Engelsberg A, Decker J, ''et al.'' |title=Heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 75 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell-based immunotherapies? |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=58 |issue= 18 |pages= 4090-5 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9751617 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pellat-Deceunynck C, Mellerin MP, Labarrière N, Jego G, Moreau-Aubry A, Harousseau JL, Jotereau F, Bataille R | title = The cancer germ-line genes MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and PRAME are commonly expressed by human myeloma cells | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 803–9 | date = Mar 2000 | pmid = 10741395 | doi = 10.1002/1521-4141(200003)30:3<803::AID-IMMU803>3.0.CO;2-P }}
*{{cite journal | author=van Baren N, Chambost H, Ferrant A, ''et al.'' |title=PRAME, a gene encoding an antigen recognized on a human melanoma by cytolytic T cells, is expressed in acute leukaemia cells. |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=102 |issue= 5 |pages= 1376-9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9753074 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsushita M, Ikeda H, Kizaki M, Okamoto S, Ogasawara M, Ikeda Y, Kawakami Y | title = Quantitative monitoring of the PRAME gene for the detection of minimal residual disease in leukaemia | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 112 | issue = 4 | pages = 916–26 | date = Mar 2001 | pmid = 11298586 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02670.x }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. |journal=Nature |volume=402 |issue= 6761 |pages= 489-95 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10591208 |doi= 10.1038/990031 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Steinbach D, Hermann J, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B | title = Clinical implications of PRAME gene expression in childhood acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–23 | date = Mar 2002 | pmid = 11943337 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00570-2 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Watari K, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a melanoma antigen, PRAME, as a BCR/ABL-inducible gene. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=466 |issue= 2-3 |pages= 367-71 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10682862 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Steinbach D, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B | title = PRAME gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia | journal = Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics | volume = 138 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–91 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12419593 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-4608(02)00582-4 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pellat-Deceunynck C, Mellerin MP, Labarrière N, ''et al.'' |title=The cancer germ-line genes MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and PRAME are commonly expressed by human myeloma cells. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=30 |issue= 3 |pages= 803-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10741395 |doi= 10.1002/1521-4141(200003)30:3<803::AID-IMMU803>3.0.CO;2-P }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, Counsell D, Campbell RD, Sanderson CM | title = Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region | journal = Genomics | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–67 | date = Jan 2004 | pmid = 14667819 | doi = 10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Matsushita M, Ikeda H, Kizaki M, ''et al.'' |title=Quantitative monitoring of the PRAME gene for the detection of minimal residual disease in leukaemia. |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=112 |issue= 4 |pages= 916-26 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11298586 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oberthuer A, Hero B, Spitz R, Berthold F, Fischer M | title = The tumor-associated antigen PRAME is universally expressed in high-stage neuroblastoma and associated with poor outcome | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 10 | issue = 13 | pages = 4307–13 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15240516 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0813 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Steinbach D, Hermann J, Viehmann S, ''et al.'' |title=Clinical implications of PRAME gene expression in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=133 |issue= 2 |pages= 118-23 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11943337 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I | title = A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = R84 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15461802 | pmc = 545604 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Steinbach D, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B |title=PRAME gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=138 |issue= 1 |pages= 89-91 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12419593 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, ''et al.'' |title=Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region. |journal=Genomics |volume=83 |issue= 1 |pages= 153-67 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14667819 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Oberthuer A, Hero B, Spitz R, ''et al.'' |title=The tumor-associated antigen PRAME is universally expressed in high-stage neuroblastoma and associated with poor outcome. |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=10 |issue= 13 |pages= 4307-13 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15240516 |doi= 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0813 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, ''et al.'' |title=A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=5 |issue= 10 |pages= R84 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15461802 |doi= 10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
}}
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Revision as of 15:25, 1 November 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRAME gene.[1][2][3]

Function

This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in human melanomas and that is recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other CT antigens, such as MAGE, BAGE and GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute leukemias. Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.[3] Interestingly, the PRAME gene is localized between the variable subgenes for light chain of immunoglobulins (Ig), and it is lost in B lymphocytes that rearrange specific lambda variable Ig subgenes.[4]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of PRAME function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Prametm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[5] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[6] to determine the effects of deletion.[7][8][9][10] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[11]

References

  1. ↑ Ikeda H, Lethé B, Lehmann F, van Baren N, Baurain JF, de Smet C, Chambost H, Vitale M, Moretta A, Boon T, Coulie PG (Feb 1997). "Characterization of an antigen that is recognized on a melanoma showing partial HLA loss by CTL expressing an NK inhibitory receptor". Immunity. 6 (2): 199–208. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80426-4. PMID 9047241.
  2. ↑ Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP (Dec 1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–95. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: PRAME preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma".
  4. ↑ Mraz M, Stano Kozubik K, Plevova K, Musilova K, Tichy B, Borsky M, Kuglik P, Doubek M, Brychtova Y, Mayer J, Pospisilova S (2013). "The origin of deletion 22q11 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus". Leuk Res. 37: 802–8. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.018. PMID 23608880.
  5. ↑ Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
  7. ↑ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  8. ↑ Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  9. ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  10. ↑ White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (Jul 2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".

Further reading

  • Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan K, Zeuthen J (1998). "The immunogenic properties of melanoma-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 15 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1159/000019050. PMID 9619397.
  • Matsushita M, Yamazaki R, Ikeda H, Kawakami Y (Mar 2003). "Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hematological malignancies". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 44 (3): 439–44. doi:10.1080/1042819021000035725. PMID 12688312.
  • Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
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