Beta-synuclein: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Beta-synuclein''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SNCB'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7558013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spillantini MG, Divane A, Goedert M | title = Assignment of human alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and beta-synuclein (SNCB) genes to chromosomes 4q21 and 5q35 | journal = Genomics | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 379–81 |date=Nov 1995 | pmid = 7558013 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1995.1063 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9806846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lavedan C, Leroy E, Torres R, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Buchholtz S, Nussbaum RL, Polymeropoulos MH | title = Genomic organization and expression of the human beta-synuclein gene (SNCB) | journal = Genomics | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 173–5 |date=Jan 1999 | pmid = 9806846 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5556 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCB synuclein, beta| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6620| accessdate = }}</ref>
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{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Synuclein, beta
| HGNCid = 11140
| Symbol = SNCB
| AltSymbols =;
| OMIM = 602569
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 2320
| MGIid = 1889011
  | GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_SNCB_207853_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004859 |text = phospholipase inhibitor activity}}  
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0019717 |text = synaptosome}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042417 |text = dopamine metabolic process}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 6620
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000074317
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = XP_001126147
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = XM_001126147
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =   
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 5
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 175979817
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 175990163
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q16143
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 104069
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000034891
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_033610
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_291088
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 13
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 54768482
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 54776062
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''Synuclein, beta''', also known as '''SNCB''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCB synuclein, beta| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6620| accessdate = }}</ref>


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{{PBB_Summary
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| section_title =  
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is highly homologous to alpha-synuclein. These proteins are abundantly expressed in the brain and putatively inhibit phospholipase D2 selectively. The encoded protein, which may play a role in neuronal plasticity, is abundant in neurofibrillary lesions of patients with Alzheimer disease. This protein has been shown to be highly expressed in the substantia nigra of the brain, a region of neuronal degeneration in patients with Parkinson disease; however, no direct relation to Parkinson disease has been established. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCB synuclein, beta| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6620| accessdate = }}</ref>
| summary_text = The [[protein]] encoded by this gene is highly [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to [[alpha-synuclein]]. These proteins are abundantly expressed in the brain and putatively inhibit [[phospholipase]] D2 selectively. The encoded protein, which may play a role in neuronal plasticity, is abundant in neurofibrillary lesions of patients with [[Alzheimer's disease]]. This protein has been shown to be highly expressed in the substantia nigra of the brain, a region of neuronal degeneration in patients with [[Parkinson's disease]]; however, no direct relation to Parkinson's disease has been established. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez"/>
}}
}}


Beta-synuclein is a [[synuclein]] [[protein]] found primarily in [[neural tissue|brain tissue]] and is seen mainly in [[presynaptic]] terminals.  Beta-synuclein is predominantly expressed in the [[neocortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[striatum]], [[thalamus]], and [[cerebellum]].  It is not found in [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]], but it is associated with hippocampal pathology in [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[dementia with Lewy bodies]].<ref>George, JM. (2001) The synucleins. ''Genome Biology'' 3(1):reviews3002.1-3002.6. PMID 11806835</ref>
Beta-synuclein is a [[synuclein]] [[protein]] found primarily in [[neural tissue|brain tissue]] and is seen mainly in [[presynaptic]] terminals.  Beta-synuclein is predominantly expressed in the [[neocortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[striatum]], [[thalamus]], and [[cerebellum]].  It is not found in [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]], but it is associated with hippocampal pathology in [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] and [[dementia with Lewy bodies|DLB]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = George | first1 = JM | title = The synucleins | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = REVIEWS3002 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11806835 | pmc = 150459 | doi=10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002}}</ref>


Beta-synuclein is suggested to be an inhibitor of [[alpha-synuclein]] aggregation, which occurs in [[neurodegenerative disease]]s such as [[Parkinson's disease]]. Thus, beta-synuclein may protect the [[central nervous system]] from the [[neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] effects of alpha-synuclein and provide a novel treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.<ref>Hashimoto M, Bar-On P, Ho G, Takenouchi T, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E. (2004) Beta-synuclein regulates Akt activity in neuronal cells. A possible neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 279(22):23622-9. PMID 15026413</ref><ref>Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Mallory M, Masliah E. (2001) Beta-synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor. Neuron 25(2):213-223. PMID 11683992.</ref>
Beta-synuclein is suggested to be an inhibitor of [[alpha-synuclein]] aggregation, which occurs in [[neurodegenerative disease]]s such as [[Parkinson's disease]]. Thus, beta-synuclein may protect the [[central nervous system]] from the [[neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] effects of alpha-synuclein and provide a novel treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hashimoto | first1 = M | last2 = Bar-On | first2 = P | last3 = Ho | first3 = G | last4 = Takenouchi | first4 = T | last5 = Rockenstein | first5 = E | last6 = Crews | first6 = L | last7 = Masliah | first7 = E | title = Beta-synuclein regulates Akt activity in neuronal cells. A possible mechanism for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 22 | pages = 23622–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15026413 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M313784200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hashimoto | first1 = M | last2 = Rockenstein | first2 = E | last3 = Mante | first3 = M | last4 = Mallory | first4 = M | last5 = Masliah | first5 = E | title = beta-Synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor | journal = Neuron | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–23 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11683992 | doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00462-7}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 62: Line 16:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal  | author=Spillantini MG, Divane A, Goedert M |title=Assignment of human alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and beta-synuclein (SNCB) genes to chromosomes 4q21 and 5q35. |journal=Genomics |volume=27 |issue= 2 |pages= 379-81 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7558013 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1995.1063 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Jakes R, Spillantini MG, Goedert M |title=Identification of two distinct synucleins from human brain |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=345 |issue= 1 |pages= 27–32 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8194594 |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(94)00395-5  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Jakes R, Spillantini MG, Goedert M |title=Identification of two distinct synucleins from human brain. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=345 |issue= 1 |pages= 27-32 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8194594 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Jensen PH, Hojrup P, Hager H |title=Binding of Abeta to alpha- and beta-synucleins: identification of segments in alpha-synuclein/NAC precursor that bind Abeta and NAC |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=323 |issue= Pt 2|pages= 539–46 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9163350 |doi=  | pmc=1218353  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Jensen PH, Hojrup P, Hager H, ''et al.'' |title=Binding of Abeta to alpha- and beta-synucleins: identification of segments in alpha-synuclein/NAC precursor that bind Abeta and NAC. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=323 ( Pt 2) |issue= |pages= 539-46 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9163350 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL |title=Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 34 |pages= 26515–22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10852916 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M003542200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Lavedan C, Leroy E, Torres R, ''et al.'' |title=Genomic organization and expression of the human beta-synuclein gene (SNCB). |journal=Genomics |volume=54 |issue= 1 |pages= 173-5 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9806846 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5556 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Rockenstein E, Hansen LA, Mallory M |title=Altered expression of the synuclein family mRNA in Lewy body and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Brain Res. |volume=914 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 48–56 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11578596 |doi=10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02772-X  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL |title=Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 34 |pages= 26515-22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10852916 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M003542200 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Tanji K, Mori F, Nakajo S |title=Expression of beta-synuclein in normal human astrocytes |journal=NeuroReport |volume=12 |issue= 13 |pages= 2845–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11588588 |doi=10.1097/00001756-200109170-00018  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Rockenstein E, Hansen LA, Mallory M, ''et al.'' |title=Altered expression of the synuclein family mRNA in Lewy body and Alzheimer's disease. |journal=Brain Res. |volume=914 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 48-56 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11578596 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Mante M |title=beta-Synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor |journal=Neuron |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages= 213–23 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11683992 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00462-7 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Tanji K, Mori F, Nakajo S, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of beta-synuclein in normal human astrocytes. |journal=Neuroreport |volume=12 |issue= 13 |pages= 2845-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11588588 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Uversky VN, Li J, Souillac P |title=Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 14 |pages= 11970–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11812782 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109541200 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Mante M, ''et al.'' |title=beta-Synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor. |journal=Neuron |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages= 213-23 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11683992 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899  | pmc=139241 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Uversky VN, Li J, Souillac P, ''et al.'' |title=Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 14 |pages= 11970-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11812782 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109541200 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Ihara M, Tomimoto H, Kitayama H |title=Association of the cytoskeletal GTP-binding protein Sept4/H5 with cytoplasmic inclusions found in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 26 |pages= 24095–102 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12695511 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M301352200 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Fung KM, Rorke LB, Giasson B |title=Expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in glial tumors and medulloblastomas |journal=Acta Neuropathol. |volume=106 |issue= 2 |pages= 167–75 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12783249 |doi= 10.1007/s00401-003-0718-x |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ihara M, Tomimoto H, Kitayama H, ''et al.'' |title=Association of the cytoskeletal GTP-binding protein Sept4/H5 with cytoplasmic inclusions found in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 26 |pages= 24095-102 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12695511 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M301352200 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=da Costa CA, Masliah E, Checler F |title=Beta-synuclein displays an antiapoptotic p53-dependent phenotype and protects neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced caspase 3 activation: cross-talk with alpha-synuclein and implication for Parkinson's disease |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 39 |pages= 37330–5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12867415 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M306083200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fung KM, Rorke LB, Giasson B, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in glial tumors and medulloblastomas. |journal=Acta Neuropathol. |volume=106 |issue= 2 |pages= 167-75 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12783249 |doi= 10.1007/s00401-003-0718-x }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Ohtake H, Limprasert P, Fan Y |title=β-Synuclein gene alterations in dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue= 5 |pages= 805–11 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15365127 |doi= 10.1212/01.wnl.0000139870.14385.3c| pmc=1808539  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=da Costa CA, Masliah E, Checler F |title=Beta-synuclein displays an antiapoptotic p53-dependent phenotype and protects neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced caspase 3 activation: cross-talk with alpha-synuclein and implication for Parkinson's disease. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 39 |pages= 37330-5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12867415 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M306083200 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA |title=The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504  | pmc=528928 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ohtake H, Limprasert P, Fan Y, ''et al.'' |title=Beta-synuclein gene alterations in dementia with Lewy bodies. |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue= 5 |pages= 805-11 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15365127 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Snyder H, Mensah K, Hsu C |title=beta-Synuclein reduces proteasomal inhibition by alpha-synuclein but not gamma-synuclein |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 9 |pages= 7562–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15591046 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M412887200 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sung YH, Eliezer D |title=Secondary structure and dynamics of micelle bound β- and γ-synuclein |journal=Protein Sci. |volume=15 |issue= 5 |pages= 1162–74 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16597821 |doi= 10.1110/ps.051803606  | pmc=2242515 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Snyder H, Mensah K, Hsu C, ''et al.'' |title=beta-Synuclein reduces proteasomal inhibition by alpha-synuclein but not gamma-synuclein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 9 |pages= 7562-9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15591046 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M412887200 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Fan Y, Limprasert P, Murray IV |title=Beta-synuclein modulates alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity by reducing alpha-synuclein protein expression |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=15 |issue= 20 |pages= 3002–11 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16959793 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddl242 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Sung YH, Eliezer D |title=Secondary structure and dynamics of micelle bound beta- and gamma-synuclein. |journal=Protein Sci. |volume=15 |issue= 5 |pages= 1162-74 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16597821 |doi= 10.1110/ps.051803606 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Myslinski E, Gérard MA, Krol A, Carbon P |title=A genome scale location analysis of human Staf/ZNF143-binding sites suggests a widespread role for human Staf/ZNF143 in mammalian promoters |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 52 |pages= 39953–62 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17092945 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M608507200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fan Y, Limprasert P, Murray IV, ''et al.'' |title=Beta-synuclein modulates alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity by reducing alpha-synuclein protein expression. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=15 |issue= 20 |pages= 3002-11 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16959793 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddl242 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sung YH, Eliezer D |title=Residual structure, backbone dynamics, and interactions within the synuclein family |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=372 |issue= 3 |pages= 689–707 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17681534 |doi= 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.07.008  | pmc=2094134 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Myslinski E, Gérard MA, Krol A, Carbon P |title=A genome scale location analysis of human Staf/ZNF143-binding sites suggests a widespread role for human Staf/ZNF143 in mammalian promoters. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 52 |pages= 39953-62 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17092945 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M608507200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Sung YH, Eliezer D |title=Residual structure, backbone dynamics, and interactions within the synuclein family. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=372 |issue= 3 |pages= 689-707 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17681534 |doi= 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.07.008 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|SNCB}}
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{{Nerve tissue protein}}
 
 
{{gene-5-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:57, 30 August 2017

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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Beta-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCB gene.[1][2][3]

The protein encoded by this gene is highly homologous to alpha-synuclein. These proteins are abundantly expressed in the brain and putatively inhibit phospholipase D2 selectively. The encoded protein, which may play a role in neuronal plasticity, is abundant in neurofibrillary lesions of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This protein has been shown to be highly expressed in the substantia nigra of the brain, a region of neuronal degeneration in patients with Parkinson's disease; however, no direct relation to Parkinson's disease has been established. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[3]

Beta-synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in brain tissue and is seen mainly in presynaptic terminals. Beta-synuclein is predominantly expressed in the neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum. It is not found in Lewy bodies, but it is associated with hippocampal pathology in PD and DLB.[4]

Beta-synuclein is suggested to be an inhibitor of alpha-synuclein aggregation, which occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Thus, beta-synuclein may protect the central nervous system from the neurotoxic effects of alpha-synuclein and provide a novel treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Spillantini MG, Divane A, Goedert M (Nov 1995). "Assignment of human alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and beta-synuclein (SNCB) genes to chromosomes 4q21 and 5q35". Genomics. 27 (2): 379–81. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1063. PMID 7558013.
  2. ↑ Lavedan C, Leroy E, Torres R, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Buchholtz S, Nussbaum RL, Polymeropoulos MH (Jan 1999). "Genomic organization and expression of the human beta-synuclein gene (SNCB)". Genomics. 54 (1): 173–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5556. PMID 9806846.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: SNCB synuclein, beta".
  4. ↑ George, JM (2002). "The synucleins". Genome Biology. 3 (1): REVIEWS3002. doi:10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002. PMC 150459. PMID 11806835.
  5. ↑ Hashimoto, M; Bar-On, P; Ho, G; Takenouchi, T; Rockenstein, E; Crews, L; Masliah, E (2004). "Beta-synuclein regulates Akt activity in neuronal cells. A possible mechanism for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (22): 23622–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313784200. PMID 15026413.
  6. ↑ Hashimoto, M; Rockenstein, E; Mante, M; Mallory, M; Masliah, E (2001). "beta-Synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor". Neuron. 32 (2): 213–23. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00462-7. PMID 11683992.

Further reading

External links


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