Aprataxin: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 00:30, 30 August 2017

Aprataxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APTX gene.^[1]^[2]^[3]

This gene encodes a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, some of which have nucleotide-binding and diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activities. The encoded protein may play a role in single-stranded DNA repair. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ataxia-ocular apraxia. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene, however, the full length nature of some variants has not been determined.^[3]

Function

　 Aprataxin removes AMP from DNA ends following abortive ligation attempts by DNA Ligase IV during non-homologous end joining, thereby permitting subsequent attempts at ligation.^[4]^[5]

DNA strand breaks

Ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1 is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the APTX gene that encodes aprataxin.^[6] The neurological disorder appears to be caused by the gradual accumulation of unrepaired DNA strand breaks resulting from abortive DNA ligation events.^[6]

Premature aging

Aptx^−/− mutant mice have been generated, but they lack an obvious phenotype.^[6] Another mouse model was generated in which a mutation of superoxide dismutase I (SOD1) is expressed in an Aptx^−/− mouse.^[7] The SOD1 mutation causes a reduction in transcription recovery following oxidative stress. These mice showed accelerated cellular senescence. This study also demonstrated a protective role of Aptx in vivo and suggested that the loss of Aptx function results in progressive accumulation of DNA breaks in the nervous system, triggering hallmarks of systemic premature aging ^[7] (see DNA damage theory of aging).

Interactions

Aprataxin has been shown to interact with:

References

↑ Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Uekawa K, Igarashi S, Koike R, Hiroi T, Yuasa T, Awaya Y, Sakai T, Takahashi T, Nagatomo H, Sekijima Y, Kawachi I, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Fukuhara N, Saito K, Sugano S, Tsuji S (Oct 2001). "Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene". Nat Genet. 29 (2): 184–8. doi:10.1038/ng1001-184. PMID 11586299.
↑ Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Uchida E, Gibson T, Mendonca P, Costa M, Barros J, Yanagisawa T, Watanabe M, Ikeda Y, Aoki M, Nagata T, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Koenig M (Oct 2001). "The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin". Nat Genet. 29 (2): 189–93. doi:10.1038/ng1001-189. PMID 11586300.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "Entrez Gene: APTX aprataxin".
↑ Rass U, Ahel I, West SC (December 2008). "Molecular mechanism of DNA deadenylation by the neurological disease protein aprataxin". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (49): 33994–4001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M807124200. PMC 2662222. PMID 18836178.
↑ Reynolds JJ, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements P, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW (March 2009). "Defective DNA ligation during short-patch single-strand break repair in ataxia oculomotor apraxia 1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 29 (5): 1354–62. doi:10.1128/MCB.01471-08. PMC 2643831. PMID 19103743.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ahel I, Rass U, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements PM, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW, West SC (2006). "The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates". Nature. 443 (7112): 713–6. doi:10.1038/nature05164. PMID 16964241.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Carroll J, Page TK, Chiang SC, Kalmar B, Bode D, Greensmith L, Mckinnon PJ, Thorpe JR, Hafezparast M, El-Khamisy SF (2015). "Expression of a pathogenic mutation of SOD1 sensitizes aprataxin-deficient cells and mice to oxidative stress and triggers hallmarks of premature ageing". Hum. Mol. Genet. 24 (3): 828–40. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu500. PMID 25274775.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Date H, Igarashi S, Sano Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi T, Takano H, Tsuji S, Nishizawa M, Onodera O (December 2004). "The FHA domain of aprataxin interacts with the C-terminal region of XRCC1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 325 (4): 1279–85. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.162. PMID 15555565.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Chen P, Howe O, Rudolph JH, Gatti R, Date H, Onodera O, Taucher-Scholz G, Lavin MF (May 2004). "Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress". Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (10): 1081–93. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh122. PMID 15044383.
↑ Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED, Byrd PJ, Ju L, Bieganowski P, Brenner C, Moreira MC, Taylor AM, Caldecott KW (November 2004). "The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4". DNA Repair (Amst.). 3 (11): 1493–502. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.017. PMID 15380105.

External links

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1
OMIM entries on Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1
Human APTX genome location and APTX gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

[pmid11586299-1] Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Uekawa K, Igarashi S, Koike R, Hiroi T, Yuasa T, Awaya Y, Sakai T, Takahashi T, Nagatomo H, Sekijima Y, Kawachi I, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Fukuhara N, Saito K, Sugano S, Tsuji S (Oct 2001). "Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene". Nat Genet. 29 (2): 184–8. doi:10.1038/ng1001-184. PMID 11586299.

[pmid11586300-2] Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Uchida E, Gibson T, Mendonca P, Costa M, Barros J, Yanagisawa T, Watanabe M, Ikeda Y, Aoki M, Nagata T, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Koenig M (Oct 2001). "The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin". Nat Genet. 29 (2): 189–93. doi:10.1038/ng1001-189. PMID 11586300.

[entrez-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "Entrez Gene: APTX aprataxin".

[pmid18836178-4] Rass U, Ahel I, West SC (December 2008). "Molecular mechanism of DNA deadenylation by the neurological disease protein aprataxin". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (49): 33994–4001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M807124200. PMC 2662222. PMID 18836178.

[pmid19103743-5] Reynolds JJ, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements P, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW (March 2009). "Defective DNA ligation during short-patch single-strand break repair in ataxia oculomotor apraxia 1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 29 (5): 1354–62. doi:10.1128/MCB.01471-08. PMC 2643831. PMID 19103743.

[Ahel-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ahel I, Rass U, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements PM, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW, West SC (2006). "The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates". Nature. 443 (7112): 713–6. doi:10.1038/nature05164. PMID 16964241.

[Carroll-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Carroll J, Page TK, Chiang SC, Kalmar B, Bode D, Greensmith L, Mckinnon PJ, Thorpe JR, Hafezparast M, El-Khamisy SF (2015). "Expression of a pathogenic mutation of SOD1 sensitizes aprataxin-deficient cells and mice to oxidative stress and triggers hallmarks of premature ageing". Hum. Mol. Genet. 24 (3): 828–40. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu500. PMID 25274775.

[pmid15555565-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Date H, Igarashi S, Sano Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi T, Takano H, Tsuji S, Nishizawa M, Onodera O (December 2004). "The FHA domain of aprataxin interacts with the C-terminal region of XRCC1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 325 (4): 1279–85. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.162. PMID 15555565.

[pmid15044383-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Chen P, Howe O, Rudolph JH, Gatti R, Date H, Onodera O, Taucher-Scholz G, Lavin MF (May 2004). "Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress". Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (10): 1081–93. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh122. PMID 15044383.

[pmid15380105-10] Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED, Byrd PJ, Ju L, Bieganowski P, Brenner C, Moreira MC, Taylor AM, Caldecott KW (November 2004). "The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4". DNA Repair (Amst.). 3 (11): 1493–502. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.017. PMID 15380105.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
+{{redirect|APTX|audio codec|aptX|the fictional poison in the Japanese cartoon Case Closed|APTX 4869}}
-{{PBB_Controls
+{{Infobox_gene}}
-| update_page = yes
+'''Aprataxin''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''APTX'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid11586299">{{cite journal |vauthors=Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Uekawa K, Igarashi S, Koike R, Hiroi T, Yuasa T, Awaya Y, Sakai T, Takahashi T, Nagatomo H, Sekijima Y, Kawachi I, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Fukuhara N, Saito K, Sugano S, Tsuji S | title = Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–8 |date=Oct 2001 | pmid = 11586299 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1038/ng1001-184 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11586300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Uchida E, Gibson T, Mendonca P, Costa M, Barros J, Yanagisawa T, Watanabe M, Ikeda Y, Aoki M, Nagata T, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Koenig M | title = The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–93 |date=Oct 2001 | pmid = 11586300 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1038/ng1001-189 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: APTX aprataxin| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=54840| accessdate = }}</ref>
-| require_manual_inspection = no
-| update_protein_box = yes
-| update_summary = yes
-| update_citations = yes
-}}
-<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
+This gene encodes a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, some of which have nucleotide-binding and diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activities. The encoded protein may play a role in [[DNA repair#Single-strand damage|single-stranded DNA repair]]. Mutations in this gene have been associated with [[Oculomotor apraxia#Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia|ataxia-ocular apraxia]]. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene, however, the full length nature of some variants has not been determined.<ref name="entrez"/>
-{{GNF_Protein_box
- | image =
- | image_source =
- | PDB =
- | Name = Aprataxin
- | HGNCid = 15984
- | Symbol = APTX
- | AltSymbols =; AOA; AOA1; AXA1; EAOH; EOAHA; FHA-HIT; FLJ20157; MGC1072
- | OMIM = 606350
- | ECnumber =
- | Homologene = 41634
- | MGIid = 1913658
- | GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_APTX_218527_at_tn.png
- | Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003676 |text = nucleic acid binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003684 |text = damaged DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
- | Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
- | Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000012 |text = single strand break repair}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006284 |text = base-excision repair}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008219 |text = cell death}}
- | Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
-    | Hs_EntrezGene = 54840
-    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000137074
-    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_060162
-    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_017692
-    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
-    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
-    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 32962609
-    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 33015110
-    | Hs_Uniprot = Q7Z2E3
-    | Mm_EntrezGene = 66408
-    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000028411
-    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_001025445
-    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_001020616
-    | Mm_GenLoc_db =
-    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
-    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 40874906
-    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 40891858
-    | Mm_Uniprot = Q7TQC5
-  }}
-}}
-'''Aprataxin''', also known as '''APTX''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: APTX aprataxin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=54840| accessdate = }}</ref>
-<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
+== Function ==
-{{PBB_Summary
-| section_title =
+Aprataxin removes AMP from DNA ends following abortive ligation attempts by [[LIG4|DNA Ligase IV]] during [[non-homologous end joining]], thereby permitting subsequent attempts at ligation.<ref name="pmid18836178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rass U, Ahel I, West SC | title = Molecular mechanism of DNA deadenylation by the neurological disease protein aprataxin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 283 | issue = 49 | pages = 33994–4001 |date=December 2008 | pmid = 18836178 | pmc = 2662222 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M807124200 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19103743">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds JJ, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements P, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW | title = Defective DNA ligation during short-patch single-strand break repair in ataxia oculomotor apraxia 1 | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 1354–62 |date=March 2009 | pmid = 19103743 | pmc = 2643831 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.01471-08 }}</ref>
-| summary_text = This gene encodes a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, some of which have nucleotide-binding and diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activities. The encoded protein may play a role in single-stranded DNA repair. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ataxia-ocular apraxia. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene, however, the full length nature of some variants has not been determined.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: APTX aprataxin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=54840| accessdate = }}</ref>
-}}
+==DNA strand breaks==
+Ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1 is a [[neurological disorder]] caused by mutations in the APTX gene that encodes aprataxin.<ref name=Ahel>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahel I, Rass U, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements PM, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW, West SC |title=The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7112 |pages=713–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16964241 |doi=10.1038/nature05164 |url=}}</ref>  The neurological disorder appears to be caused by the gradual accumulation of unrepaired DNA strand breaks resulting from abortive DNA ligation events.<ref name=Ahel />
+==Premature aging==
+Aptx<sup>−/−</sup> mutant mice have been generated, but they lack an obvious phenotype.<ref name=Ahel />  Another mouse model was generated in which a mutation of [[superoxide dismutase]] I (SOD1) is expressed in an Aptx<sup>−/−</sup> mouse.<ref name=Carroll>{{cite journal |vauthors=Carroll J, Page TK, Chiang SC, Kalmar B, Bode D, Greensmith L, Mckinnon PJ, Thorpe JR, Hafezparast M, El-Khamisy SF |title=Expression of a pathogenic mutation of SOD1 sensitizes aprataxin-deficient cells and mice to oxidative stress and triggers hallmarks of premature ageing |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=828–40 |year=2015 |pmid=25274775 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddu500 |url=}}</ref>   The SOD1 mutation causes a reduction in [[transcription (biology)|transcription]] recovery following [[oxidative stress]].  These mice showed accelerated [[cellular senescence]].  This study also demonstrated a protective role of Aptx in vivo and suggested that the loss of Aptx function results in progressive accumulation of DNA breaks in the nervous system, triggering hallmarks of systemic premature aging <ref name=Carroll /> (see [[DNA damage theory of aging]]).
+== Interactions ==
+Aprataxin has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
+* [[PARP1]],<ref name=pmid15555565/><ref name=pmid15044383/>
+* [[P53]],<ref name=pmid15044383/>
+* [[XRCC1]],<ref name="pmid15555565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Date H, Igarashi S, Sano Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi T, Takano H, Tsuji S, Nishizawa M, Onodera O | title = The FHA domain of aprataxin interacts with the C-terminal region of XRCC1 | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 325 | issue = 4 | pages = 1279–85 |date=December 2004 | pmid = 15555565 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.162 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15044383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Chen P, Howe O, Rudolph JH, Gatti R, Date H, Onodera O, Taucher-Scholz G, Lavin MF | title = Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 1081–93 |date=May 2004 | pmid = 15044383 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddh122 }}</ref> and
+* [[XRCC4]].<ref name="pmid15380105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED, Byrd PJ, Ju L, Bieganowski P, Brenner C, Moreira MC, Taylor AM, Caldecott KW | title = The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4 | journal = DNA Repair (Amst.) | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = 1493–502 |date=November 2004 | pmid = 15380105 | doi = 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.017 }}</ref>
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
 {{refbegin | 2}}
-{{PBB_Further_reading
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Aicardi J, Barbosa C, Andermann E |title=Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia: a syndrome mimicking ataxia-telangiectasia. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=24 |issue= 4 |pages= 497–502 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3239952 |doi= 10.1002/ana.410240404 |display-authors=etal}}
-| citations =
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Gascon GG, Abdo N, Sigut D |title=Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia syndrome. |journal=J. Child Neurol. |volume=10 |issue= 2 |pages= 118–22 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7782601 |doi=10.1177/088307389501000210  |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Aicardi J, Barbosa C, Andermann E, ''et al.'' |title=Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia: a syndrome mimicking ataxia-telangiectasia. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=24 |issue= 4 |pages= 497-502 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3239952 |doi= 10.1002/ana.410240404 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hannan MA, Sigut D, Waghray M, Gascon GG |title=Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia syndrome: an investigation of cellular radiosensitivity of patients and their families. |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=31 |issue= 12 |pages= 953–6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7891378 |doi=10.1136/jmg.31.12.953  | pmc=1016697  }}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Gascon GG, Abdo N, Sigut D, ''et al.'' |title=Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia syndrome. |journal=J. Child Neurol. |volume=10 |issue= 2 |pages= 118-22 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7782601 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Moreira  MC, Barbot C, Tachi N |title=Homozygosity mapping of Portuguese and Japanese forms of ataxia-oculomotor apraxia to 9p13, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=68 |issue= 2 |pages= 501–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11170899 |doi=10.1086/318191  | pmc=1235299  |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Hannan MA, Sigut D, Waghray M, Gascon GG |title=Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia syndrome: an investigation of cellular radiosensitivity of patients and their families. |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=31 |issue= 12 |pages= 953-6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7891378 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  | author=Brenner C |title=Hint, Fhit, and GalT: function, structure, evolution, and mechanism of three branches of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=41 |issue= 29 |pages= 9003–14 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12119013 |doi=10.1021/bi025942q  | pmc=2571077  }}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Moreira  MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, ''et al.'' |title=Homozygosity mapping of Portuguese and Japanese forms of ataxia-oculomotor apraxia to 9p13, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=68 |issue= 2 |pages= 501-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11170899 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Shimazaki H, Takiyama Y, Sakoe K |title=Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia: the aprataxin gene mutations. |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue= 4 |pages= 590–5 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12196655 |doi=  10.1212/wnl.59.4.590|display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, ''et al.'' |title=Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=29 |issue= 2 |pages= 184-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11586299 |doi= 10.1038/ng1001-184 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899  | pmc=139241 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, ''et al.'' |title=The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=29 |issue= 2 |pages= 189-93 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11586300 |doi= 10.1038/ng1001-189 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tranchant C, Fleury M, Moreira MC |title=Phenotypic variability of aprataxin gene mutations. |journal=Neurology |volume=60 |issue= 5 |pages= 868–70 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12629250 |doi=  10.1212/01.wnl.0000048562.88536.a4|display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Brenner C |title=Hint, Fhit, and GalT: function, structure, evolution, and mechanism of three branches of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=41 |issue= 29 |pages= 9003-14 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12119013 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Le Ber I, Moreira MC, Rivaud-Péchoux S |title=Cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1: clinical and genetic studies. |journal=Brain |volume=126 |issue= Pt 12 |pages= 2761–72 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14506070 |doi= 10.1093/brain/awg283 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Shimazaki H, Takiyama Y, Sakoe K, ''et al.'' |title=Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia: the aprataxin gene mutations. |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue= 4 |pages= 590-5 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12196655 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Sekijima Y, Hashimoto T, Onodera O |title=Severe generalized dystonia as a presentation of a patient with aprataxin gene mutation. |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=18 |issue= 10 |pages= 1198–200 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14534929 |doi= 10.1002/mds.10526 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Tranchant C, Fleury M, Moreira MC, ''et al.'' |title=Phenotypic variability of aprataxin gene mutations. |journal=Neurology |volume=60 |issue= 5 |pages= 868-70 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12629250 |doi=  }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Sano Y, Date H, Igarashi S |title=Aprataxin, the causative protein for EAOH is a nuclear protein with a potential role as a DNA repair protein. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=55 |issue= 2 |pages= 241–9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14755728 |doi= 10.1002/ana.10808 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Le Ber I, Moreira MC, Rivaud-Péchoux S, ''et al.'' |title=Cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1: clinical and genetic studies. |journal=Brain |volume=126 |issue= Pt 12 |pages= 2761-72 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14506070 |doi= 10.1093/brain/awg283 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW |title=Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 1081–93 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15044383 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddh122 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Sekijima Y, Hashimoto T, Onodera O, ''et al.'' |title=Severe generalized dystonia as a presentation of a patient with aprataxin gene mutation. |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=18 |issue= 10 |pages= 1198-200 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14534929 |doi= 10.1002/mds.10526 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR |title=DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. |journal=Nature |volume=429 |issue= 6990 |pages= 369–74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164053 |doi= 10.1038/nature02465  | pmc=2734081 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Habeck M, Zühlke C, Bentele KH |title=Aprataxin mutations are a rare cause of early onset ataxia in Germany. |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=251 |issue= 5 |pages= 591–4 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164193 |doi= 10.1007/s00415-004-0374-7 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Sano Y, Date H, Igarashi S, ''et al.'' |title=Aprataxin, the causative protein for EAOH is a nuclear protein with a potential role as a DNA repair protein. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=55 |issue= 2 |pages= 241-9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14755728 |doi= 10.1002/ana.10808 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hirano M, Nishiwaki T, Kariya S |title=Novel splice variants increase molecular diversity of aprataxin, the gene responsible for early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia. |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=366 |issue= 2 |pages= 120–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15276230 |doi= 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.034 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, ''et al.'' |title=Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 1081-93 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15044383 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddh122 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Amouri R, Moreira MC, Zouari M |title=Aprataxin gene mutations in Tunisian families. |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue= 5 |pages= 928–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15365154 |doi=  10.1212/01.wnl.0000137044.06573.46|display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, ''et al.'' |title=DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. |journal=Nature |volume=429 |issue= 6990 |pages= 369-74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164053 |doi= 10.1038/nature02465 }}
+*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED |title=The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4. |journal=DNA Repair (Amst.) |volume=3 |issue= 11 |pages= 1493–502 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15380105 |doi= 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.017 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Habeck M, Zühlke C, Bentele KH, ''et al.'' |title=Aprataxin mutations are a rare cause of early onset ataxia in Germany. |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=251 |issue= 5 |pages= 591-4 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15164193 |doi= 10.1007/s00415-004-0374-7 }}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Hirano M, Nishiwaki T, Kariya S, ''et al.'' |title=Novel splice variants increase molecular diversity of aprataxin, the gene responsible for early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia. |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=366 |issue= 2 |pages= 120-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15276230 |doi= 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.034 }}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Amouri R, Moreira MC, Zouari M, ''et al.'' |title=Aprataxin gene mutations in Tunisian families. |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue= 5 |pages= 928-9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15365154 |doi=  }}
-*{{cite journal  | author=Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED, ''et al.'' |title=The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4. |journal=DNA Repair (Amst.) |volume=3 |issue= 11 |pages= 1493-502 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15380105 |doi= 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.017 }}
-}}
 {{refend}}
-{{protein-stub}}
+==External links==
+*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=aoa  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1]
+* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/208920,606350  OMIM entries on Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1]
+* {{UCSC gene info|APTX}}