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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Whirlin''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''DFNB31'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid12833159">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mburu P, Mustapha M, Varela A, Weil D, El-Amraoui A, Holme RH, Rump A, Hardisty RE, Blanchard S, Coimbra RS, Perfettini I, Parkinson N, Mallon AM, Glenister P, Rogers MJ, Paige AJ, Moir L, Clay J, Rosenthal A, Liu XZ, Blanco G, Steel KP, Petit C, Brown SD | title = Defects in whirlin, a PDZ domain molecule involved in stereocilia elongation, cause deafness in the whirler mouse and families with DFNB31 | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 421–8 |date=Aug 2003 | pmid = 12833159 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1038/ng1208 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17171570">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebermann I, Scholl HP, Charbel Issa P, Becirovic E, Lamprecht J, Jurklies B, Millan JM, Aller E, Mitter D, Bolz H | title = A novel gene for Usher syndrome type 2: mutations in the long isoform of whirlin are associated with retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural hearing loss | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–11 |date=Mar 2007 | pmid = 17171570 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1007/s00439-006-0304-0 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DFNB31 deafness, autosomal recessive 31| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=25861| accessdate = }}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_DFNB31_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1uez.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1uez}}, {{PDB2|1uf1}}, {{PDB2|1ufx}}
| Name = Deafness, autosomal recessive 31
| HGNCid = 16361
| Symbol = DFNB31
| AltSymbols =; CIP98; DKFZP434N014; KIAA1526; RP11-9M16.1; USH2D; WHRN
| OMIM = 607928
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 18739
| MGIid = 2682003
  | GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_DFNB31_221887_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_DFNB31_47553_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}  
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005884 |text = actin filament}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005929 |text = cilium}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007605 |text = sensory perception of sound}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 25861
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000095397
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_056219
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_015404
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 116204181
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 116307551
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q9P202
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 73750
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000039137
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_001008791
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_001008791
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =   
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 62901271
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 62982312
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TZC8
  }}
}}
'''Deafness, autosomal recessive 31''', also known as '''DFNB31''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DFNB31 deafness, autosomal recessive 31| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=25861| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
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{{PBB_Summary
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| section_title =  
| summary_text = In rat brain, Cip98 interacts with a calmodulin-dependent serine kinase, CASK (MIM 300172), and may be involved in the formation of scaffolding protein complexes that facilitate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) (Yap et al., 2003). Mutations in this gene, also known as WHRN, cause DFNB31 (MIM 607084).[supplied by OMIM]<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DFNB31 deafness, autosomal recessive 31| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=25861| accessdate = }}</ref>
| summary_text = In rat brain, WHRN interacts with a calmodulin-dependent serine kinase, [[CASK]], and may be involved in the formation of scaffolding protein complexes that facilitate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).<ref>{{cite journal  | author=Yap CC |title=CIP98, a novel PDZ domain protein, is expressed in the central nervous system and interacts with calmodulin-dependent serine kinase |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=85 |issue= 1 |pages= 123–34 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12641734 |doi=10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01647.x  |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Liang F  | author3=Yamazaki Y  | display-authors=3  | last4=Muto  | first4=Yuko  | last5=Kishida  | first5=Haruo  | last6=Hayashida  | first6=Tsuyako  | last7=Hashikawa  | first7=Tsutomu  | last8=Yano  | first8=Ryoji  }}</ref> Mutations in this gene, also known as WHRN, cause autosomal recessive deafness.<ref name="entrez" />
}}
}}
==Model organisms==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: right;" |
|+ ''Whrn'' mouse phenotype
|-
! Characteristic!! Phenotype
|-
| [[Homozygote]] viability || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Fertility || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Body weight || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Open Field (animal test)|Anxiety]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Neurological assessment || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Grip strength || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Hot plate test|Hot plate]] || bgcolor="#C40000"|Abnormal<ref name="Hot plate">{{cite web |url=http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/phenotyping/MCJH/hot-plate/ |title=Hot plate data for Whrn |publisher=Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dysmorphology]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Indirect calorimetry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Glucose tolerance test]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Auditory brainstem response]] || bgcolor="#C40000"|Abnormal
|-
| [[Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry|DEXA]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Radiography]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Body temperature || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Eye morphology || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Clinical chemistry]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Haematology]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Peripheral blood lymphocyte]]s || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| [[Micronucleus test]] || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| Heart weight || bgcolor="#488ED3"|Normal
|-
| colspan=2; style="text-align: center;" | All tests and analysis from<ref name="mgp_reference">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x | title = The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice | year = 2010 | author = Gerdin AK | journal = Acta Ophthalmologica | volume = 88 | pages =  925–7 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/ Mouse Resources Portal], Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.</ref>
|}
[[Model organism]]s have been used in the study of WHRN function. A conditional [[knockout mouse]] line, called ''Whrn<sup>tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi</sup>''<ref name="allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.knockoutmouse.org/martsearch/search?query=Whrn |title=International Knockout Mouse Consortium}}</ref><ref name="mgi_allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.informatics.jax.org/searchtool/Search.do?query=MGI:4432119 |title=Mouse Genome Informatics}}</ref> was generated as part of the [[International Knockout Mouse Consortium]] program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.<ref name="pmid21677750">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Skarnes |first1 =W. C.
| doi = 10.1038/nature10163
| last2 = Rosen | first2 = B.
| last3 = West | first3 = A. P.
| last4 = Koutsourakis | first4 = M.
| last5 = Bushell | first5 = W.
| last6 = Iyer | first6 = V.
| last7 = Mujica | first7 = A. O.
| last8 = Thomas | first8 = M.
| last9 = Harrow | first9 = J.
| last10 = Cox | first10 = T.
| last11 = Jackson | first11 = D.
| last12 = Severin | first12 = J.
| last13 = Biggs | first13 = P.
| last14 = Fu | first14 = J.
| last15 = Nefedov | first15 = M.
| last16 = De Jong | first16 = P. J.
| last17 = Stewart | first17 = A. F.
| last18 = Bradley | first18 = A.
| title = A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function
| journal = Nature
| volume = 474
| issue = 7351
| pages = 337–342
| year = 2011
| pmid = 21677750
| pmc =3572410
}}</ref><ref name="mouse_library">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/474262a | title = Mouse library set to be knockout | year = 2011 | author = Dolgin E | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 262–3 | pmid = 21677718 }}</ref><ref name="mouse_for_all_reasons">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 | title = A Mouse for All Reasons | year = 2007 | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | pages = 9–13 | pmid = 17218247 |vauthors=Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W| issue = 1 }}</ref>
Male and female animals underwent a standardized [[phenotypic screen]] to determine the effects of deletion.<ref name="mgp_reference" /><ref name="pmid21722353">{{cite journal| vauthors=van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW| title=The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism. | journal=Genome Biol | year= 2011 | volume= 12 | issue= 6 | pages= 224 | pmid=21722353 | doi=10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224  | pmc=3218837}}</ref> Twenty tests were carried out on [[mutant]] mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.<ref name="mgp_reference" /> ''Whrn<sup>tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi</sup>'' [[homozygote]] mice show a moderate to severe [[hearing loss]] at 14 weeks. Female homozygous mutant animals also displayed an increased thermal nociceptive threshold in a [[hot plate test]].<ref name="mgp_reference" />


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal  | author=Holm G, Björkholm M, Mellstedt H, Johansson B |title=Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease. |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 376-83 |year= 1976 |pmid= 1081933 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Holm G, Björkholm M, Mellstedt H, Johansson B |title=Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 376–83 |year= 1976 |pmid= 1081933 |doi= | pmc=1538308 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ishikawa K, ''et al.'' |title=Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=7 |issue= 2 |pages= 143-50 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10819331 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nagase T |title=Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro |journal=DNA Res. |volume=7 |issue= 2 |pages= 143–50 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10819331 |doi=10.1093/dnares/7.2.143  |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Kikuno R  | author3=Ishikawa K  | display-authors=3  | last4=Hirosawa  | first4=M  | last5=Ohara  | first5=O }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mustapha M, Chouery E, Chardenoux S, ''et al.'' |title=DFNB31, a recessive form of sensorineural hearing loss, maps to chromosome 9q32-34. |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=10 |issue= 3 |pages= 210-2 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11973626 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200780 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mustapha M |title=DFNB31, a recessive form of sensorineural hearing loss, maps to chromosome 9q32-34 |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=10 |issue= 3 |pages= 210–2 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11973626 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200780 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Chouery E  | author3=Chardenoux S  | display-authors=3  | last4=Naboulsi  | first4=Mohamed  | last5=Paronnaud  | first5=Joël  | last6=Lemainque  | first6=Arnaud  | last7=Mégarbané  | first7=André  | last8=Loiselet  | first8=Jacques  | last9=Weil  | first9=Dominique }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nakayama M, Kikuno R, Ohara O |title=Protein-protein interactions between large proteins: two-hybrid screening using a functionally classified library composed of long cDNAs. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=12 |issue= 11 |pages= 1773-84 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12421765 |doi= 10.1101/gr.406902 }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Nakayama M, Kikuno R, Ohara O |title=Protein–Protein Interactions Between Large Proteins: Two-Hybrid Screening Using a Functionally Classified Library Composed of Long cDNAs |journal=Genome Res. |volume=12 |issue= 11 |pages= 1773–84 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12421765 |doi= 10.1101/gr.406902 | pmc=187542 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899  | pmc=139241  |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Feingold EA  | author3=Grouse LH  | display-authors=3  | last4=Derge  | first4=JG  | last5=Klausner | first5=RD  | last6=Collins  | first6=FS  | last7=Wagner  | first7=L  | last8=Shenmen  | first8=CM  | last9=Schuler  | first9=GD }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yap CC, Liang F, Yamazaki Y, ''et al.'' |title=CIP98, a novel PDZ domain protein, is expressed in the central nervous system and interacts with calmodulin-dependent serine kinase. |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=85 |issue= 1 |pages= 123-34 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12641734 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Suzuki Y  | author3=Nishikawa T  | display-authors=3  | last4=Otsuki  | first4=Tetsuji  | last5=Sugiyama  | first5=Tomoyasu  | last6=Irie  | first6=Ryotaro  | last7=Wakamatsu  | first7=Ai  | last8=Hayashi  | first8=Koji  | last9=Sato  | first9=Hiroyuki }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mburu P, Mustapha M, Varela A, ''et al.'' |title=Defects in whirlin, a PDZ domain molecule involved in stereocilia elongation, cause deafness in the whirler mouse and families with DFNB31. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=34 |issue= 4 |pages= 421-8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12833159 |doi= 10.1038/ng1208 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kimura K |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes |journal=Genome Res. |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406 | pmc=1356129  |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Wakamatsu A  | author3=Suzuki Y  | display-authors=3  | last4=Ota  | first4=T  | last5=Nishikawa  | first5=T  | last6=Yamashita  | first6=R  | last7=Yamamoto  | first7=J  | last8=Sekine  | first8=M  | last9=Tsuritani  | first9=K }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=van Wijk E |title=The DFNB31 gene product whirlin connects to the Usher protein network in the cochlea and retina by direct association with USH2A and VLGR1 |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=15 |issue= 5 |pages= 751–65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16434480 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddi490  |name-list-format=vanc| author2=van der Zwaag B  | author3=Peters T  | display-authors=3  | last4=Zimmermann  | first4=U  | last5=Te Brinke  | first5=H  | last6=Kersten  | first6=FF  | last7=Märker  | first7=T  | last8=Aller  | first8=E  | last9=Hoefsloot  | first9=LH }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, ''et al.'' |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55-65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=van Wijk E, van der Zwaag B, Peters T, ''et al.'' |title=The DFNB31 gene product whirlin connects to the Usher protein network in the cochlea and retina by direct association with USH2A and VLGR1. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=15 |issue= 5 |pages= 751-65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16434480 |doi= 10.1093/hmg/ddi490 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ebermann I, Scholl HP, Charbel Issa P, ''et al.'' |title=A novel gene for Usher syndrome type 2: mutations in the long isoform of whirlin are associated with retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural hearing loss. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=121 |issue= 2 |pages= 203-11 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17171570 |doi= 10.1007/s00439-006-0304-0 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
==External links==
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=usher2  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Usher Syndrome Type II]
 
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=25861}}
 
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[[Category:Genes mutated in mice]]

Latest revision as of 18:24, 30 August 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Whirlin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFNB31 gene.[1][2][3]

In rat brain, WHRN interacts with a calmodulin-dependent serine kinase, CASK, and may be involved in the formation of scaffolding protein complexes that facilitate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).[4] Mutations in this gene, also known as WHRN, cause autosomal recessive deafness.[3]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of WHRN function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Whrntm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[8][9] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[10][11][12]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[6][13] Twenty tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.[6] Whrntm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi homozygote mice show a moderate to severe hearing loss at 14 weeks. Female homozygous mutant animals also displayed an increased thermal nociceptive threshold in a hot plate test.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Mburu P, Mustapha M, Varela A, Weil D, El-Amraoui A, Holme RH, Rump A, Hardisty RE, Blanchard S, Coimbra RS, Perfettini I, Parkinson N, Mallon AM, Glenister P, Rogers MJ, Paige AJ, Moir L, Clay J, Rosenthal A, Liu XZ, Blanco G, Steel KP, Petit C, Brown SD (Aug 2003). "Defects in whirlin, a PDZ domain molecule involved in stereocilia elongation, cause deafness in the whirler mouse and families with DFNB31". Nat Genet. 34 (4): 421–8. doi:10.1038/ng1208. PMID 12833159.
  2. ↑ Ebermann I, Scholl HP, Charbel Issa P, Becirovic E, Lamprecht J, Jurklies B, Millan JM, Aller E, Mitter D, Bolz H (Mar 2007). "A novel gene for Usher syndrome type 2: mutations in the long isoform of whirlin are associated with retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural hearing loss". Hum Genet. 121 (2): 203–11. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0304-0. PMID 17171570.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: DFNB31 deafness, autosomal recessive 31".
  4. ↑ Yap CC, Liang F, Yamazaki Y, et al. (2003). "CIP98, a novel PDZ domain protein, is expressed in the central nervous system and interacts with calmodulin-dependent serine kinase". J. Neurochem. 85 (1): 123–34. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01647.x. PMID 12641734.
  5. ↑ "Hot plate data for Whrn". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
  7. ↑ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  8. ↑ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
  9. ↑ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
  10. ↑ Skarnes, W. C.; Rosen, B.; West, A. P.; Koutsourakis, M.; Bushell, W.; Iyer, V.; Mujica, A. O.; Thomas, M.; Harrow, J.; Cox, T.; Jackson, D.; Severin, J.; Biggs, P.; Fu, J.; Nefedov, M.; De Jong, P. J.; Stewart, A. F.; Bradley, A. (2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  11. ↑ Dolgin E (2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  12. ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (2007). "A Mouse for All Reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  13. ↑ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biol. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=DFNB31&oldid=1422647"