Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 19:36, 21 December 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

The differential diagnosis for chronic diarrhea is enormous, with a large number of diagnostic tests available that can be used to evaluate these patients. Classifying a patient's chronic diarrhea into a subcategory such as watery, fatty and inflammatory helps to direct the diagnostic work-up. Some watery causes of chronic diarrhea which should be differentiated from one another include crohn's disease, hyperthyroidism, VIPoma, lactose intolerance, celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The causes of fatty diarrhea that should be differentiated from one another include celiac sprue, pancreatic insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth and maldigestion problems which results from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Finally, the inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea such as ulcerative colitis and entamoeba histolytica must also be differentiated.

Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea from other diseases

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of chronic diarrhea.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

				Symptoms								GI signs
Categories		Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
				Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
				Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
				Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Gastrointestinal		Crohn's disease		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Oral mucosal lesions	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Vitamin B12 deficiency Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Uveitis Arthritis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Amyloidosis Venous and arterial thromboembolism Renal stones Bronchiectasis	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Ulcerative colitis		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Blood on rectal examination	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P–ANCA) Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Skin rash Iritis Uveitis Seronegative arthritis Clubbing Erythema nodosum	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Celiac disease		–	+	±	–	±	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Increased bowel sounds Oral mucosal lesions Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti–gliadin antibody Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Dementia Dermatitis herpetiformis	HLA–DQ2 HLA–DQ8 Innate responses to wheat proteins	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cystic fibrosis		–	+	–	–	+	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly Rectal prolapse	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive DNA analysis for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Nasal transepithelial potential difference Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Recurrent respiratory tract infection Bronchiectasis Diabetes mellitus Scoliosis Infertility	Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein	Positive genetic testing Elevated sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L
		Chronic pancreatitis		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain Positive fecal elastase measurement	Nl	Nl	Nl	Slightly elevated amylase and lipase Abnormal pancreatic function test Secretin stimulation test	Malabsorption Diabetes mellitus Pancreatic pseudocyst	Toxins Recurrent acute pancreatitis Genetic predesposition Autoimmune	Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
		Bile acid malabsorption		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+		–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced cholesterol level	Malabsorption Hypotension Tachycardia	Genetic defects in SLC10A2	SeHCAT test
		Microscopic colitis		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypokalemia Elevated CRP Positive autoantibodies include: RF ANA AMA ANCA	Arthritis Uveitis Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Pleuro pericarditis Hypothyroidism Psoriasis	Mucosal immune responses to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual Drug–induced	Colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy with mononuclear infiltrates: Collagenous colitis is characterized by a colonic subepithelial collagen band >10 micrometers in diameter Lymphocytic colitis is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Infective colitis		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal calprotectin Positive fecal lactoferrin	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR	Arthritis Uveitis	Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli 0157:H7 Clostridium difficile Entamoeba histolytica Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus	Stool culture Blood culture
		Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
		Lactose intolerance		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Lactose tolerance test Genetic testing	Headache Vertigo Memory impairment Lethargy	Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent lactase Congenital lactase deficiency Secondary lactose malabsorption	Small bowel biopsy Lactose breath hydrogen test
		Irritable bowel syndrome		–	+	±	–	±	–	±	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Normal bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Anxiety Palpitation	Unknown	Diagnosis of exclusion
Infection	Bacterial	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Whipple's disease		–	+	+	–	+	±	+	+	Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	↓	↓	↓/↑	Hypoalbuminemia Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Abnormal extraocular movement Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Pleural effusion	Tropheryma whipplei	Small intestine biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei testing PCR testing
		Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Small bowel bacterial overgrowth		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypoalbuminemia Abnormal hydrogen breath test Lactic acidosis	Malabsorption Rosacea	Excess bacteria in the small intestine Alterations in intestinal anatomy or GI motility	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Pseudomembranous enterocolitis		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Generalized abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or C. difficile antigen	↑	↓	↓	Elevated serum creatinine Hypoalbuminemia Elevated lactic acid	Dehydration Acute kidney injury Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis	Clostridium difficile Recent antibiotics use Recent surgery	Stool exam Pseudomembranes on colonoscopy
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Campylobacteriosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Toxic megacolon Sepsis Arthritis Endocarditis Guillain–Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	Stool culture
		Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
		Shigellosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑/↓	↓	↓	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Hyponatremia Hypoglycemia Azotemia	Headache Lethargy Seizures Delirium Post–infectious arthritis Myocarditis	Shigella	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Escherichia coli enteritis	ETEC (Traveler's diarrhea)	+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli Enterotoxins: Heat–labile enterotoxin (LT) Heat–stable enterotoxin (ST)	Stool culture
			EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
			EIEC	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteroinvasive E. coli	DNA probe Stool culture
			EHEC	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	Azotemia	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Renal failure	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Shiga toxins	Stool culture
			EAEC	+	+	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	–	Chronic infection in immunocompromised patients	Enteroaggregative E. coli	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Yersinia enterocolitica		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Glomerulonephritis Endocarditis Erythema nodosum Abscess	Yersinia enterocolitica	Stool culture
		Vibrio cholera		+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–		+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Azotemia	Severe dehydration Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Renal failure Muscle cramps Seizure Somnolence	Cholera toxin	Stool culture
		Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Plesiomonas		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients or hepatobiliary disease Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscesses Peritonitis Meningoencephalitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Prosthetic joint infection Septic abortion	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Blood culture
		Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
		Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Abdominal distention	+	±	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	History of travel or ingestion of infected food	Enterotoxins	Stool culture
	Virus	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Norovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Positive stool reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)	↓	Nl	Nl	–	Myalgia Headache Seizure Encephalopathy	Norovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Rotavirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated blood urea nitrogen Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypocalcemia	Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Biliary atresia Central nervous system involvement	Rotavirus	Stool immune–based assays
		Echovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Liver failure Myocarditis	Echovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Adenovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Respiratory disease Follicular conjunctivitis Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Hepatitis Urethritis Myocarditis Meningitis Bacteremia	Adenovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
		HIV		–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Electrolyte imbalance	Lymphadenopathy Disseminated infection	HIV	HIV virologic (viral load) test Immunoassay
	Parasite	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
		Giardia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Malabsorption Urticaria Depression	Giardia lamblia	Antigen detection assays
		Cryptosporidium		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Chronic, life–threatening illness in immunocompromised patients	Cryptosporidium	Polymerase chain reaction
		Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
		Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
Tumors		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Carcinoid tumor		–	+	+	+	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	+	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated urinary 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5–HIAA) level High chromogranin A	Facial flushing Jaundice Edema Valvular heart disease Right–sided heart failure	Well–differentiated neuroendocrine tumor	Blood chromogranin A level
		VIPoma		+	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal RUQ tenderness Nausea Vomiting	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated VIP level Hypokalemia Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)	Rash Facial flushing Dehydration Lethargy Muscle weakness	Primary secretory tumor	Blood VIP levels Followed by imaging
		Zollinger–Ellison syndrome		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive secretin stimulation test Elevated serum chromogranin A	Jaundice	Gastrin producing tumor mainly in duodenum	Secretin stimulation test
		Somatostatinoma		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated fasting plasma somatostatin	Diabetes mellitus Cholelithiasis Jaundice	Neuroendocrine tumors of D–cell origin	Plasma somatostatin level Followed by imaging
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Lymphoma		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Paraproteinemia	Malabsorption Lactose intolerance Ascites	Primary tumor of GI tract	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Colorectal cancer		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive carcinoembryonic antigen	Metastasis	FAP gene HNPCC gene	Colonoscopy and biopsy
Medication/Toxicity		Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Factitious diarrhea		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Hypermagnesemia	Malabsorption Lethargy Generalized weakness Acute renal failure	Medications	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Heavy metal ingestion		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma heavy metal level	Headache Numbness Alopecia Vertigo	Heavy metal ingestion	Plasma level of heavy metal
		Organophosphate poisoning		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Salivation Vomiting	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase Plasma cholinesterase activity	Autonomic dysfunction Motor deficit Sensory deficit Bronchospasm Urination Miosis Bradycardia Lacrimation Sweating Cardiac arrhythmias Acute renal injury	Neurotoxins bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Clinical diagnosis
		Opium withdrawal		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Azotemia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis	Dysphoria Restlessness Sweating Rhinorrhea Lacrimation Myalgia Arthralgia	Opium withdrawal	Clinical diagnosis following opium withdrawal
Iatrogenic		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Short bowel syndrome		+	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	↑	Hypoalbuminemia High level of acute phase reactant Abnormal liver function tests	Prior intestinal surgery Malabsorption Crohn's disease Malignancy Peripheral edema Muscle atrophy	Surgical bowel resection	Clinical diagnosis following bowel resection
		Radiation enteritis		+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Vitamin B12 deficiency Hypoalbuminemia	Prior history of malignancy and radiation therapy Malabsorption Telangiectasias	Radiation	Segmental bowel inflammation on endoscopy or colonoscopy
		Dumping syndrome		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Hyperactive bowel sound	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypoglycemia Hydrogen breath test	Malnutrition Fat soluble vitamin deficiency	Postgastrectomy	Clinical diagnosis following gastrectomy
Others		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Abetalipoproteinemia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distension	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Low triglyceride Low total cholesterol levels Acanthocytes Low vitamin E levels	Ataxia Visual field defect Dysarthria	Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations encoding the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)	Clinical findings and low triglyceride and cholesterol level
		Hyperthyroidism		–	+	+	–	–	±	+	+	–	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated T4 Elevated T3 Decreased TSH High serum alkaline phosphatase	Lump in the neck Lid lag Malabsorption Sweating Hyperpigmentation Proptosis Tremor Increased DTR	Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Toxic adenoma	TSH
		Diabetic neuropathy		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hyperglycemia Azotemia Hypokalemia	Malabsorption	Unclear Disordered motility Increased intestinal secretion Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting diabetes mellitus
		Systemic sclerosis		–	+	+	±	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Anti–topoisomerase I (Scl‑70) antibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) Anti–centromere antibodies Anti–RNA polymerase III antibody	Malabsorption Skin changes Raynaud phenomenon Pulmonary hypertension Arthritis Telangiectasia Chronic renal failure	Autoimmune reaction	Clinical diagnosis Followed by serologic tests

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
↑ Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.
↑ Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.
↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.
↑ Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.
↑ Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.
↑ Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.
↑ Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.
↑ López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.
↑ Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.
↑ Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.
↑ Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.
↑ Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.
↑ Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.
↑ McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.
↑ Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.
↑ Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.
↑ Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.
↑ Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.
↑ Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.
↑ RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.
↑ Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.
↑ Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.
↑ Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.
↑ Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.
↑ Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.
↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 The [[differential diagnosis]] for [[chronic diarrhea]] is enormous, with a large number of diagnostic tests available that can be used to evaluate these patients. Classifying a patient's [[chronic diarrhea]] into a subcategory such as [[Watery diarrhea|watery]], fatty and [[inflammatory]] helps to direct the [[diagnostic]] work-up. Some [[Watery diarrhea|watery]] causes of chronic diarrhea which should be differentiated from one another include [[crohn's disease]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[VIPoma]], [[lactose intolerance]], [[celiac disease]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS). The causes of fatty diarrhea that should be differentiated from one another include [[celiac sprue]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[bacterial overgrowth]] and [[maldigestion]] problems which results from [[Pancreatic insufficiency|pancreatic exocrine insufficiency]]. Finally, the [[inflammatory]] causes of chronic diarrhea such as [[ulcerative colitis]] and [[entamoeba histolytica]] must also be differentiated.
-==Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea of other diseases==
+==Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea from other diseases==
 '''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of chronic diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. J. 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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Categories
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
 | colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
 |-
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="15" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gastrointestinal
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
@@ Line 166: / Line 167: @@
 * Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-|-
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
-|-
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
 ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
@@ Line 307: / Line 301: @@
 * [[SeHCAT]] test
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
-|-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 384: / Line 343: @@
 ** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
 ** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
@@ Line 427: / Line 414: @@
 *[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+*Elevated [[amylase]]
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 |-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+* Lactose tolerance test
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Genetic testing
-*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* [[Headache]]
-*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+* [[Vertigo]]
-*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+* [[Memory impairment]]
-*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+* [[Lethargy]]
-*Elevated [[amylase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
-*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+* Secondary lactose malabsorption
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
-*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+* Lactose breath hydrogen test
-*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
-*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
 * [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Unknown
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lactose tolerance test
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
-* Genetic testing
+|-
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="43" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Infection
-* [[Headache]]
+! rowspan="28" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bacterial
-* [[Vertigo]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Memory impairment]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Lethargy]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* Secondary lactose malabsorption
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* Lactose breath hydrogen test
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Anxiety]]
+* Positive [[fecal fat]]
-*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
+* [[Encephalitis]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unknown
+* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[PCR]] testing
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+* Angular [[stomatitis]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+* Oral mucosal lesion
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Neuropathy]]
+*[[Edema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
+* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
+* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[fecal fat]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+* [[Lactic acidosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 * [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+* [[Rosacea]]
-* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Encephalitis]]
-* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Pleural effusion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
+* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
-* [[PCR]] testing
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Angular [[stomatitis]]
-* Oral mucosal lesion
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
+* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Dehydration]]
+* [[Acute kidney injury]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
+* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
+* Recent [[surgery]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Myalgia]]
+* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
-*[[Neuropathy]]
+* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
-*[[Edema]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
-* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Toxic megacolon]]
-* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
-* [[Lactic acidosis]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
-* [[Rosacea]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
-|-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
 *[[Abdominal distention]]
@@ Line 774: / Line 788: @@
 *[[Hypernatremia]]
 *[[Hyponatremia]]
 * [[Hypercalciuria]]
 * [[Hypocitraturia]]
@@ Line 781: / Line 794: @@
 * [[Obtundation]]
 * [[Bacteremia]]
 * [[Pericarditis]]
 * [[Pyelonephritis]]
@@ Line 790: / Line 802: @@
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 799: / Line 810: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 808: / Line 821: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+* [[Seizures]]
+* [[Delirium]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
+([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
 *Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 837: / Line 890: @@
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
-*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
+**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
+**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 867: / Line 920: @@
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Wound [[infection]]
+*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
-*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Ocular]] infection
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Urinary tract infection]]
-*[[Osteomyelitis]]
-*[[Peritonitis]]
-*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
-*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
-*[[Blood culture]]
-*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-!
-|-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
-*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
-*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
-*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
+*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
+*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 971: / Line 1,005: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Viral antigen assay
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Encephalitis]]
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
-*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Retinitis]]
-*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
-*[[Atherosclerosis]]
-*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
-*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-*Disseminated [[infection]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Erythema nodosum]]
+*[[Abscess]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
+*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*HIV virologic (viral load) test
+*[[Stool culture]]
-*Immunoassay
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Severe [[dehydration]]
+*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Somnolence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cholera toxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 1,080: / Line 1,138: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Liver abscess]]
+*Wound [[infection]]
-*Pleuropulmonary infection
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
-*[[Brain abscess]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
+*[[Ocular]] infection
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Urinary tract infection]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen testing
+*[[Blood culture]]
-*Serology
+*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
-*[[Urticaria]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Depression]]
+*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
+*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
+*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
+*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
+*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Polymerase chain reaction
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+* [[Bacillus cereus]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
 *[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] count
+*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
-*[[Keratitis]]
-*[[Seizure]]
-*[[Myositis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Microsporidia]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
-*Antigen detection assays
+! rowspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Virus
-|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
-|-
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
 ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
@@ Line 1,219: / Line 1,312: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Headache]]
-*Increased [[creatinine]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Encephalopathy]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Detecting oocysts in the feces
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
+*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
-*High [[chromogranin A]]
+*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
+*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
-*[[Jaundice]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
-*[[Edema]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
-*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
+*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
+*Stool immune–based assays
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[VIP]] level
+*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
+*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Rash]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-* [[Facial flushing]]
+|-
-* [[Dehydration]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Muscle weakness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* Primary secretory tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-* Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
-* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+*Viral antigen assay
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Respiratory disease]]
+*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
+*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
+*[[Urethritis]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-|-
+*Viral antigen assay
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Encephalitis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Retinitis]]
+*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
 |-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
+*Disseminated [[infection]]
-** [[Jaundice]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
+*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
+*HIV virologic (viral load) test
-*Followed by imaging
+*Immunoassay
+|-
+| rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Parasite
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
 *Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Paraproteinemia]]
+*[[Liver abscess]]
+*Pleuropulmonary infection
+*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
+*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
-* [[Lactose intolerance]]
-* [[Ascites]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
+*Antigen testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Serology
-*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
 *Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Urticaria]]
+*[[Depression]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Metastasis]]
+*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
+*Antigen detection assays
-*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Polymerase chain reaction
 |-
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+*Positive stool microscopy
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+*Decreased [[CD4]] count
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+*[[Malabsorption]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+*[[Keratitis]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Myositis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Digoxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Statins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Triptans]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lactulose]]
-* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-* [[Magnesium]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma level of drug
+*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Inflammation]]
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
-*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Tumors
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
+*High [[chromogranin A]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
-*[[Lethargy]]
+*[[Jaundice]]
-*[[Generalized weakness]]
+*[[Edema]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Medication|Medications]]
+*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
+*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[Vomiting]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 1,607: / Line 1,781: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
+*Elevated [[VIP]] level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Headache]]
+*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
+*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-*[[Alopecia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Vertigo]]
+* [[Rash]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Facial flushing]]
-*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Lethargy]]
-*Plasma level of heavy metal
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Primary secretory tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Blood [[VIP]] levels
+* Followed by imaging
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
+* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Jaundice]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
 |-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 1,674: / Line 1,846: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
+*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
-*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
+** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-*Motor deficit
+** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-*Sensory deficit
+** [[Jaundice]]
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Urination]]
-*[[Miosis]]
-*[[Bradycardia]]
-*[[Lacrimation]]
-*[[Sweating]]
-*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
+*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
+*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
+*Followed by imaging
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Azotemia]]
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysphoria]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
+* [[Lactose intolerance]]
-*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
+* [[Ascites]]
-*[[Rhinorrhea]]
-*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
-*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Arthralgia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
+*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
+*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 1,735: / Line 1,924: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
-* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
-* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
+*[[Metastasis]]
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
-* Peripheral [[edema]]
-* [[Muscle atrophy]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
+*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
+*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
+** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Medication/Toxicity
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+* [[Digoxin]]
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+* [[Statins]]
-|-
+* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+* [[Triptans]]
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+* [[Lactulose]]
-|-
+* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+* [[Magnesium]]
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+*[[Dehydration]]
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+*Elevated plasma level of drug
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Inflammation]]
+*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Vitamin B12 deficiency
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
 *[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
+*[[Lethargy]]
+*[[Generalized weakness]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
+*[[Medication|Medications]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
-* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malnutrition]]
+*[[Headache]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
+*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
+*[[Alopecia]]
+*[[Vertigo]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
+*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
+*Plasma level of heavy metal
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-* [[Abdominal distension]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
@@ Line 1,883: / Line 2,099: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Low [[triglyceride]]
+*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
-* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
+*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
-* [[Acanthocytes]]
-* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ataxia]]
+*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
-* [[Visual field defect]]
+*Motor deficit
-* [[Dysarthria]]
+*Sensory deficit
+*[[Bronchospasm]]
+*[[Urination]]
+*[[Miosis]]
+*[[Bradycardia]]
+*[[Lacrimation]]
+*[[Sweating]]
+*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
+*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-!
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Azotemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Dysphoria]]
+*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
+*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
+*[[Rhinorrhea]]
+*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Arthralgia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Iatrogenic
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
@@ Line 1,930: / Line 2,182: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
+* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Crohn's disease]]
+* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
+* Peripheral [[edema]]
+* [[Muscle atrophy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Vitamin B12 deficiency
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malnutrition]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Others
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Low [[triglyceride]]
+* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
+* [[Acanthocytes]]
+* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Ataxia]]
+* [[Visual field defect]]
+* [[Dysarthria]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]

Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:36, 21 December 2017

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea from other diseases

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