Chronic diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:47, 21 December 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea and Fever from other Diseases

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of chronic diarrhea and fever.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

		Symptoms								GI signs
Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
		Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Crohn's disease		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Oral mucosal lesions	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Vitamin B12 deficiency Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Uveitis Arthritis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Amyloidosis Venous and arterial thromboembolism Renal stones Bronchiectasis	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
Ulcerative colitis		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Blood on rectal examination	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P–ANCA) Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Skin rash Iritis Uveitis Seronegative arthritis Clubbing Erythema nodosum	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
Cystic fibrosis		–	+	–	–	+	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly Rectal prolapse	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive DNA analysis for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Nasal transepithelial potential difference Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Recurrent respiratory tract infection Bronchiectasis Diabetes mellitus Scoliosis Infertility	Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein	Positive genetic testing Elevated sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Infective colitis		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal calprotectin Positive fecal lactoferrin	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR	Arthritis Uveitis	Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli 0157:H7 Clostridium difficile Entamoeba histolytica Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus	Stool culture Blood culture
Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Whipple's disease		–	+	+	–	+	±	+	+	Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	↓	↓	↓/↑	Hypoalbuminemia Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Abnormal extraocular movement Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Pleural effusion	Tropheryma whipplei	Small intestine biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei testing PCR testing
Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Escherichia coli enteritis	EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
HIV		–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Electrolyte imbalance	Lymphadenopathy Disseminated infection	HIV	HIV virologic (viral load) test Immunoassay
Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
Lymphoma		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Paraproteinemia	Malabsorption Lactose intolerance Ascites	Primary tumor of GI tract	Colonoscopy with biopsy
Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
↑ Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.
↑ Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.
↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.
↑ Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.
↑ Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.
↑ Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.
↑ Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.
↑ López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.
↑ Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.
↑ Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.
↑ Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.
↑ Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.
↑ Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.
↑ McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.
↑ Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.
↑ Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.
↑ Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.
↑ Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.
↑ Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.
↑ RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.
↑ Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.
↑ Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.
↑ Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.
↑ Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.
↑ Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.
↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}
@@ Line 119: / Line 120: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 * [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
-* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
-* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
-* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
@@ Line 227: / Line 159: @@
 * Positive [[genetic testing]]
 * Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
-* Abnormal pancreatic function test
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
-* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
-* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
-* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Hypotension]]
-*[[Tachycardia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[SeHCAT]] test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* Fecal [[incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
-**RF
-**[[ANA]]
-**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
-**[[ANCA]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Arthritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
-* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
-* [[Hypothyroidism]]
-* [[Psoriasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
-* Drug–induced
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
-** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
-** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
@@ Line 445: / Line 267: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lactose tolerance test
-* Genetic testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Headache]]
-* [[Vertigo]]
-* [[Memory impairment]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
-* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
-* Secondary lactose malabsorption
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
-* Lactose breath hydrogen test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Anxiety]]
-*[[Palpitation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unknown
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
@@ Line 617: / Line 373: @@
 * Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+*Positive serologic testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+*[[Hypernatremia]]
-* [[Lactic acidosis]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypercalciuria]]
+* [[Hypocitraturia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Rosacea]]
+* [[Obtundation]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
@@ Line 679: / Line 442: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
+! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive serologic testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypernatremia]]
-*[[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Hypercalciuria]]
-* [[Hypocitraturia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Obtundation]]
-* [[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Pericarditis]]
-* [[Pyelonephritis]]
-*[[Brain abscess]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
-|-
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 747: / Line 469: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
-*[[Stool culture]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
@@ Line 817: / Line 511: @@
 *[[Blood culture]]
 *Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
@@ Line 877: / Line 543: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Blood culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
@@ Line 945: / Line 639: @@
 *HIV virologic (viral load) test
 *Immunoassay
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
@@ Line 1,006: / Line 672: @@
 *Antigen testing
 *Serology
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Urticaria]]
-*[[Depression]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Polymerase chain reaction
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
@@ Line 1,099: / Line 705: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Antigen detection assays
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*Increased [[creatinine]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Detecting oocysts in the feces
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
@@ Line 1,161: / Line 734: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
-*High [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
-*[[Jaundice]]
-*[[Edema]]
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[VIP]] level
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Rash]]
-* [[Facial flushing]]
-* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Muscle weakness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Primary secretory tumor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-* Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
-* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+*Positive stool microscopy
-|-
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-** [[Jaundice]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
-*Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
@@ Line 1,351: / Line 797: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Metastasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
-*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
@@ Line 1,420: / Line 837: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Lethargy]]
-*[[Generalized weakness]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Medication|Medications]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Headache]]
-*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
-*[[Alopecia]]
-*[[Vertigo]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma level of heavy metal
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
-*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
-*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
-*Motor deficit
-*Sensory deficit
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Urination]]
-*[[Miosis]]
-*[[Bradycardia]]
-*[[Lacrimation]]
-*[[Sweating]]
-*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysphoria]]
-*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
-*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
-*[[Rhinorrhea]]
-*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
-*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Arthralgia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
-* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
-* Peripheral [[edema]]
-* [[Muscle atrophy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Vitamin B12 deficiency
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malnutrition]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Low [[triglyceride]]
-* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
-* [[Acanthocytes]]
-* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ataxia]]
-* [[Visual field defect]]
-* [[Dysarthria]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Elevated [[T4]]
-* Elevated [[T3]]
-* Decreased [[TSH]]
-* High serum [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lump in the neck
-* Lid lag
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Sweating]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Proptosis]]
-* [[Tremor]]
-* Increased [[Deep tendon reflex|DTR]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Graves' disease]]
-* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
-* [[Toxic adenoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[TSH]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hyperglycemia]]
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unclear
-*Disordered [[motility]]
-*Increased [[Intestine|intestinal]] secretion
-*[[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting [[diabetes mellitus]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Scleroderma|Systemic sclerosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal pain|Epigastric tenderness]]
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]] (Scl‑70) antibodies
-* [[Antinuclear antibodies]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
-* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti–centromere antibodies]]
-* Anti–[[RNA polymerase III]] antibody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Skin changes]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[Arthritis]]
-*[[Telangiectasia]]
-*[[Chronic renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune reaction]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-*Followed by serologic tests
 |- }
 |}

Chronic diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:47, 21 December 2017

Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Diarrhea and Fever from other Diseases

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