Constipation epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:53, 8 January 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

The incidence of constipation is approximately 16,666 per 100,000 individuals in general population (one in every six). The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population. It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States. The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America. The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population. The incidence of constipation increases with age. The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41). Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1. Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income. Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

The incidence of constipation is approximately 16,666 per 100,000 individuals in general population (one in every six).^[1]

Prevalence

The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population.^[2]^[3]
It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States.
The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America.^[4]

Year	Sample size	Diagnosis	Prevalence (per 100,000 individuals)
1964	890,394	Self-report	27,100
1971-1975	15,014	Self-report	12,800
1971-1975	11,024	Self-report	15,800
1983-1987	Not reported	Self-report	1,900
1989	42,375	Self-report	3,400
1991	835	Self-report OR < 3 defecations per week	17,400
1993	690	Self-report	5,000
		ROME I functional constipation (FC)	19,200
		ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)	11,000
1993	5,430	ROME I functional constipation (FC)	3,600
1993	5,430	ROME I Dyschezia	13,800
1997	10,018	ROME II, FC, OD, or IBS-C (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation type)	14,700
2000	1,149	Self-report	27,200
		ROME I	16,700
		ROME II	14,900

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

The case-fatality rate of constipation is very low.
Very long-term constipation can cause death in elderly.
Persistent and transient constipation can increase the mortality rate up to 2.8% and 2%, respectively, rather than people without constipation.^[5]
The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population.^[6]

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop constipation.
The incidence of constipation increases with age.^[7]

Type of diagnosis	Age group	Prevalence (per 100,000 individuals)
Self-report	30-34	21,200
	35-39	21,000
	40-44	21,600
	45-49	23,400
	50-54	26,200
	55-59	27,700
	60-64	29,700
	65-69	32,800
	70-74	37,300
	75-79	42,600
	80-84	48,600
	≥85	54,600

Race

Constipation usually affects individuals of the non-Caucasian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop constipation.
The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41).^[4]^[8]

Gender

Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1.^[4]
Female to male ratio suffering from constipation in various studies is as the following:

Author	Criteria	Male	Female	Female to male ratio
Sandler^[9]	Self-report	7	18.2	2.6
Johnson^[10]	Self-report	0.9	2.8	3.11
Pare^[11]	Self-report	18.4	35.4	1.92
	ROME I	12	21	1.75
	ROME II	8.3	21.1	2.54
Talley^[12]	Self-report	2.7	7.3	2.7
	ROME I functional constipation (FC)	18.3	20.1	1.01
	ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)	5.2	16.5	3.17

Region

There is no regional difference in the prevalence of constipation.

Developed and Developing Countries

Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income.
Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.

Author	Criteria	Income		Education
Author	Criteria	USD per year	Prevalence (per 100,000 individuals)	Status	Prevalence (per 100,000 individuals)
Sandler^[9]	Self-report	< 7,000	18,600	0-6 years	21,700
		7,000-9,999	13,300	7-11 years	15,300
		10,000-14,999	11,600	12 years	12,200
		≥ 15,000	8,600	More than 13 years	11,200
Johnson^[10]	Self-report	0-9,999	3,690	-	-
		10,000-19,999	2,290
		20,000-34,999	1,470
		≥ 35,000	1,080
Pare^[11]	Self-report	<20,000	33,800	Grade school	28,700
		20,000-39,999	23,700	Some high school	35,100
		20,000-39,999	23,700	High school	24,600
		40,000-59,999	24,300	High school diploma	29,400
		40,000-59,999	24,300	Technician school	20,500
		60,000-79,999	28,000	Some College	25,400
		60,000-79,999	28,000	College	31,500
		≥ 80,000	21,800	Graduate school	19,600
	ROME I functional constipation (FC)	<20,000	18,500	Grade school	14,300
		20,000-39,999	16,300	Some high school	23,800
		20,000-39,999	16,300	High school	18,800
		40,000-59,999	17,600	High school diploma	22,100
		40,000-59,999	17,600	Technician school	15,000
		60,000-79,999	13,100	Some College	9,900
		60,000-79,999	13,100	College	17,200
		≥ 80,000	12,100	Graduate school	11,300
	ROME II	<20,000	15,300	Grade school	4,300
		20,000-39,999	14,300	Some high school	21,700
		20,000-39,999	14,300	High school	18,600
		40,000-59,999	13,900	High school diploma	18,400
		40,000-59,999	13,900	Technician school	12,000
		60,000-79,999	14,500	Some College	8,600
		60,000-79,999	14,500	College	16,500
		≥ 80,000	8,300	Graduate school	10,000
Talley^[12]	ROME I functional constipation (FC)	-	-	Less than high school graduated	23,300
				High school graduated	18,400
				More than high school graduated	18,000
	ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)	-	-	Less than high school graduated	16,300
				High school graduated	8,700
				More than high school graduated	12,000

References

↑ Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ (2007). "Cumulative incidence of chronic constipation: a population-based study 1988-2003". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (11–12): 1521–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03540.x. PMID 17919271.
↑ Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Clinical epidemiology of chronic constipation". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 11 (5): 525–36. PMID 2551954.
↑ Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Sandler RS, Woods MS, Stemhagen A, Chee E, Lipton RB, Farup CE (1999). "Epidemiology of constipation (EPOC) study in the United States: relation of clinical subtypes to sociodemographic features". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94 (12): 3530–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01642.x. PMID 10606315.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Higgins PD, Johanson JF (2004). "Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (4): 750–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04114.x. PMID 15089911.
↑ Koloski NA, Jones M, Wai R, Gill RS, Byles J, Talley NJ (2013). "Impact of persistent constipation on health-related quality of life and mortality in older community-dwelling women". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108 (7): 1152–8. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.137. PMID 23670115.
↑ Chang JY, Locke GR, McNally MA, Halder SL, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ (2010). "Impact of functional gastrointestinal disorders on survival in the community". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (4): 822–32. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.40. PMC 2887253. PMID 20160713.
↑ HAMMOND EC (1964). "SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 1,064,004 MEN AND WOMEN". Am J Public Health Nations Health. 54: 11–23. PMC 1254627. PMID 14117648.
↑ Everhart JE, Go VL, Johannes RS, Fitzsimmons SC, Roth HP, White LR (1989). "A longitudinal survey of self-reported bowel habits in the United States". Dig. Dis. Sci. 34 (8): 1153–62. PMID 2787735.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ (1990). "Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population". Am J Public Health. 80 (2): 185–9. PMC 1404600. PMID 2297063.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Johanson JF (1998). "Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93 (2): 188–91. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x. PMID 9468239.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L (2001). "An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (11): 3130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x. PMID 11721760.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ (1993). "Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study". Gastroenterology. 105 (3): 781–90. PMID 8359649.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid17919271-1] Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ (2007). "Cumulative incidence of chronic constipation: a population-based study 1988-2003". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (11–12): 1521–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03540.x. PMID 17919271.

[pmid2551954-2] Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Clinical epidemiology of chronic constipation". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 11 (5): 525–36. PMID 2551954.

[pmid10606315-3] Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Sandler RS, Woods MS, Stemhagen A, Chee E, Lipton RB, Farup CE (1999). "Epidemiology of constipation (EPOC) study in the United States: relation of clinical subtypes to sociodemographic features". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94 (12): 3530–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01642.x. PMID 10606315.

[pmid15089911-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Higgins PD, Johanson JF (2004). "Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (4): 750–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04114.x. PMID 15089911.

[pmid23670115-5] Koloski NA, Jones M, Wai R, Gill RS, Byles J, Talley NJ (2013). "Impact of persistent constipation on health-related quality of life and mortality in older community-dwelling women". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108 (7): 1152–8. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.137. PMID 23670115.

[pmid20160713-6] Chang JY, Locke GR, McNally MA, Halder SL, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ (2010). "Impact of functional gastrointestinal disorders on survival in the community". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (4): 822–32. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.40. PMC 2887253. PMID 20160713.

[pmid14117648-7] HAMMOND EC (1964). "SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 1,064,004 MEN AND WOMEN". Am J Public Health Nations Health. 54: 11–23. PMC 1254627. PMID 14117648.

[pmid2787735-8] Everhart JE, Go VL, Johannes RS, Fitzsimmons SC, Roth HP, White LR (1989). "A longitudinal survey of self-reported bowel habits in the United States". Dig. Dis. Sci. 34 (8): 1153–62. PMID 2787735.

[pmid2297063-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ (1990). "Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population". Am J Public Health. 80 (2): 185–9. PMC 1404600. PMID 2297063.

[pmid9468239-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Johanson JF (1998). "Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93 (2): 188–91. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x. PMID 9468239.

[pmid11721760-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L (2001). "An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (11): 3130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x. PMID 11721760.

[pmid8359649-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ (1993). "Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study". Gastroenterology. 105 (3): 781–90. PMID 8359649.

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@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 *It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States.
 *The [[prevalence]] of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America.<ref name="pmid15089911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higgins PD, Johanson JF |title=Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=750–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15089911 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04114.x |url=}}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|
-!Year
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Year
-!Sample size
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Sample size
-!Diagnosis
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-!Prevalence
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Prevalence
 (per 100,000 individuals)
 |-
-|1964
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1964
-|890,394
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |890,394
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|27,100
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |27,100
 |-
-|1971-1975
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1971-1975
-|15,014
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |15,014
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|12,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12,800
 |-
-|1971-1975
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1971-1975
-|11,024
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |11,024
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|15,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |15,800
 |-
-|1983-1987
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1983-1987
-|Not reported
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Not reported
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|1,900
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1,900
 |-
-|1989
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1989
-|42,375
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |42,375
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|3,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |3,400
 |-
-|1991
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1991
-|835
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |835
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
 OR
 < 3 [[Defecation|defecations]] per week
-|17,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |17,400
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |1993
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1993
-| rowspan="3" |690
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |690
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|5,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |5,000
 |-
-|ROME I functional constipation (FC)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
-|19,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |19,200
 |-
-|ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
-|11,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |11,000
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |1993
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1993
-| rowspan="2" |5,430
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |5,430
-|ROME I functional constipation (FC)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
-|3,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |3,600
 |-
-|ROME I [[Dyschezia]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I [[Dyschezia]]
-|13,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |13,800
 |-
-|1997
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |1997
-|10,018
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10,018
-|ROME II, FC, OD, or [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS-C (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation type)]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME II, FC, OD, or [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS-C (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation type)]]
-|14,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |14,700
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |2000
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |2000
-| rowspan="3" |1,149
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1,149
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|27,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |27,200
 |-
-|ROME I
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I
-|16,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |16,700
 |-
-|ROME II
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME II
-|14,900
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |14,900
 |}
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 *Patients of all age groups may develop constipation.
 *The [[incidence]] of constipation increases with age.<ref name="pmid14117648">{{cite journal| author=HAMMOND EC| title=SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 1,064,004 MEN AND WOMEN. | journal=Am J Public Health Nations Health | year= 1964 | volume= 54 | issue=  | pages= 11-23 | pmid=14117648 | doi= | pmc=1254627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14117648  }}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|
-!Type of diagnosis
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Type of diagnosis
-!Age group
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Age group
-!Prevalence
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Prevalence
 (per 100,000 individuals)
 |-
-| rowspan="12" |Self-report
+| rowspan="12" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Self-report
-|30-34
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |30-34
-|21,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,200
 |-
-|35-39
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |35-39
-|21,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,000
 |-
-|40-44
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |40-44
-|21,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,600
 |-
-|45-49
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |45-49
-|23,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |23,400
 |-
-|50-54
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |50-54
-|26,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |26,200
 |-
-|55-59
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |55-59
-|27,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |27,700
 |-
-|60-64
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |60-64
-|29,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |29,700
 |-
-|65-69
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |65-69
-|32,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |32,800
 |-
-|70-74
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |70-74
-|37,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |37,300
 |-
-|75-79
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |75-79
-|42,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |42,600
 |-
-|80-84
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |80-84
-|48,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |48,600
 |-
-|≥85
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |≥85
-|54,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |54,600
 |}
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 *Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1.<ref name="pmid15089911" />
 *Female to male ratio suffering from constipation in various studies is as the following:
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|
-!Author
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Author
-!Criteria
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Criteria
-!Male
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Male
-!Female
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Female
-!Female to male ratio
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Female to male ratio
 |-
-|Sandler<ref name="pmid2297063" />
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Sandler<ref name="pmid2297063" />
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|7
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |7
-|18.2
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18.2
-|2.6
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2.6
 |-
-|Johnson<ref name="pmid9468239" />
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Johnson<ref name="pmid9468239" />
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|0.9
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |0.9
-|2.8
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2.8
-|3.11
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |3.11
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |Pare<ref name="pmid11721760" />
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Pare<ref name="pmid11721760" />
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|18.4
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18.4
-|35.4
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |35.4
-|1.92
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1.92
 |-
-|ROME I
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I
-|12
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12
-|21
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21
-|1.75
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1.75
 |-
-|ROME II
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME II
-|8.3
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |8.3
-|21.1
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21.1
-|2.54
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2.54
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |Talley<ref name="pmid8359649" />
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Talley<ref name="pmid8359649" />
-|Self-report
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|2.7
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2.7
-|7.3
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |7.3
-|2.7
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2.7
 |-
-|ROME I functional constipation (FC)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
-|18.3
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18.3
-|20.1
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20.1
-|1.01
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1.01
 |-
-|ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
-|5.2
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |5.2
-|16.5
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |16.5
-|3.17
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |3.17
 |}
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 * Developing countries with lower income show higher [[prevalence]] of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income.
 * Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with [[prevalence]] of constipation.
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|
-! rowspan="2" |Author
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Author
-! rowspan="2" |Criteria
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Criteria
-! colspan="2" |Income
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Income
-! colspan="2" |Education
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Education
 |-
-!USD per year
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |USD per year
-!Prevalence
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Prevalence
 (per 100,000 individuals)
-!Status
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Status
-!Prevalence
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Prevalence
 (per 100,000 individuals)
 |-
-| rowspan="4" |Sandler<ref name="pmid2297063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ |title=Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=185–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2297063 |pmc=1404600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Sandler<ref name="pmid2297063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ |title=Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=185–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2297063 |pmc=1404600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| rowspan="4" |Self-report
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|< 7,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |< 7,000
-|18,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,600
-|0-6 years
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |0-6 years
-|21,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,700
 |-
-|7,000-9,999
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |7,000-9,999
-|13,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |13,300
-|7-11 years
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |7-11 years
-|15,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |15,300
 |-
-|10,000-14,999
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10,000-14,999
-|11,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |11,600
-|12 years
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12 years
-|12,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12,200
 |-
-|≥ 15,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |≥ 15,000
-|8,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |8,600
-|More than 13 years
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |More than 13 years
-|11,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |11,200
 |-
-| rowspan="4" |Johnson<ref name="pmid9468239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johanson JF |title=Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=188–91 |year=1998 |pmid=9468239 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x |url=}}</ref>
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Johnson<ref name="pmid9468239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johanson JF |title=Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=188–91 |year=1998 |pmid=9468239 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x |url=}}</ref>
-| rowspan="4" |Self-report
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|0-9,999
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |0-9,999
-|3,690
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |3,690
-| rowspan="4" | -
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
-| rowspan="4" | -
+| rowspan="4" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
 |-
-|10,000-19,999
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10,000-19,999
-|2,290
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2,290
 |-
-|20,000-34,999
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20,000-34,999
-|1,470
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1,470
 |-
-|≥ 35,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |≥ 35,000
-|1,080
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1,080
 |-
-| rowspan="24" |Pare<ref name="pmid11721760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L |title=An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=3130–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11721760 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x |url=}}</ref>
+| rowspan="24" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Pare<ref name="pmid11721760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L |title=An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=3130–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11721760 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x |url=}}</ref>
-| rowspan="8" |Self-report
+| rowspan="8" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Self-report
-|<20,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<20,000
-|33,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |33,800
-|Grade school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Grade school
-|28,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |28,700
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |20,000-39,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20,000-39,999
-| rowspan="2" |23,700
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |23,700
-|Some high school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some high school
-|35,100
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |35,100
 |-
-|High school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school
-|24,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |24,600
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |40,000-59,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |40,000-59,999
-| rowspan="2" |24,300
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |24,300
-|High school diploma
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school diploma
-|29,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |29,400
 |-
-|Technician school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Technician school
-|20,500
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20,500
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |60,000-79,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |60,000-79,999
-| rowspan="2" |28,000
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |28,000
-|Some College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some College
-|25,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |25,400
 |-
-|College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |College
-|31,500
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |31,500
 |-
-|≥ 80,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |≥ 80,000
-|21,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,800
-|Graduate school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Graduate school
-|19,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |19,600
 |-
-| rowspan="8" |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
+| rowspan="8" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
-|<20,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<20,000
-|18,500
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,500
-|Grade school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Grade school
-|14,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |14,300
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |20,000-39,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20,000-39,999
-| rowspan="2" |16,300
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |16,300
-|Some high school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some high school
-|23,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |23,800
 |-
-|High school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school
-|18,800
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,800
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |40,000-59,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |40,000-59,999
-| rowspan="2" |17,600
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |17,600
-|High school diploma
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school diploma
-|22,100
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |22,100
 |-
-|Technician school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Technician school
-|15,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |15,000
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |60,000-79,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |60,000-79,999
-| rowspan="2" |13,100
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |13,100
-|Some College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some College
-|9,900
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |9,900
 |-
-|College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |College
-|17,200
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |17,200
 |-
-|≥ 80,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |≥ 80,000
-|12,100
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12,100
-|Graduate school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Graduate school
-|11,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |11,300
 |-
-| rowspan="8" |ROME II
+| rowspan="8" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME II
-|<20,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<20,000
-|15,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |15,300
-|Grade school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Grade school
-|4,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |4,300
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |20,000-39,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |20,000-39,999
-| rowspan="2" |14,300
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |14,300
-|Some high school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some high school
-|21,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |21,700
 |-
-|High school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school
-|18,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,600
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |40,000-59,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |40,000-59,999
-| rowspan="2" |13,900
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |13,900
-|High school diploma
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school diploma
-|18,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,400
 |-
-|Technician school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Technician school
-|12,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12,000
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |60,000-79,999
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |60,000-79,999
-| rowspan="2" |14,500
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |14,500
-|Some College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Some College
-|8,600
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |8,600
 |-
-|College
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |College
-|16,500
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |16,500
 |-
-|≥ 80,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |≥ 80,000
-|8,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |8,300
-|Graduate school
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Graduate school
-|10,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10,000
 |-
-| rowspan="6" |Talley<ref name="pmid8359649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ |title=Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=781–90 |year=1993 |pmid=8359649 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Talley<ref name="pmid8359649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ |title=Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=781–90 |year=1993 |pmid=8359649 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| rowspan="3" |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
-| rowspan="3" | -
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
-| rowspan="3" | -
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
-|Less than high school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Less than high school graduated
-|23,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |23,300
 |-
-|High school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school graduated
-|18,400
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,400
 |-
-|More than high school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |More than high school graduated
-|18,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |18,000
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
-| rowspan="3" | -
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
-| rowspan="3" | -
+| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
-|Less than high school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Less than high school graduated
-|16,300
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |16,300
 |-
-|High school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |High school graduated
-|8,700
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |8,700
 |-
-|More than high school graduated
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |More than high school graduated
-|12,000
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |12,000
 |}
 ==References==