Mesenteric ischemia surgery: Difference between revisions

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* Hemodyanamically stable patients and those who do not have clinical or radiological signs of ischemia are preferred candidates for endovascular intervention.<ref name="pmid22503176">{{cite journal| author=Ryer EJ, Kalra M, Oderich GS, Duncan AA, Gloviczki P, Cha S et al.| title=Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 1682-9 | pmid=22503176 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22503176  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19367243">{{cite journal| author=Kougias P, Huynh TT, Lin PH| title=Clinical outcomes of mesenteric artery stenting versus surgical revascularization in chronic mesenteric ischemia. | journal=Int Angiol | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 132-7 | pmid=19367243 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19367243  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20620006">{{cite journal| author=Block TA, Acosta S, Björck M| title=Endovascular and open surgery for acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 959-66 | pmid=20620006 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.084 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620006  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19372025">{{cite journal| author=Schermerhorn ML, Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Wyers MC, Pomposelli FB| title=Mesenteric revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 341-348.e1 | pmid=19372025 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.004 | pmc=2716426 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19372025  }} </ref>
* Hemodyanamically stable patients and those who do not have clinical or radiological signs of ischemia are preferred candidates for endovascular intervention.<ref name="pmid22503176">{{cite journal| author=Ryer EJ, Kalra M, Oderich GS, Duncan AA, Gloviczki P, Cha S et al.| title=Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 1682-9 | pmid=22503176 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22503176  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19367243">{{cite journal| author=Kougias P, Huynh TT, Lin PH| title=Clinical outcomes of mesenteric artery stenting versus surgical revascularization in chronic mesenteric ischemia. | journal=Int Angiol | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 132-7 | pmid=19367243 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19367243  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20620006">{{cite journal| author=Block TA, Acosta S, Björck M| title=Endovascular and open surgery for acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 959-66 | pmid=20620006 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.084 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620006  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19372025">{{cite journal| author=Schermerhorn ML, Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Wyers MC, Pomposelli FB| title=Mesenteric revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 341-348.e1 | pmid=19372025 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.004 | pmc=2716426 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19372025  }} </ref>
* Using endovascular intervention as the primary modality of treatment helps reduce complications, provides better outcome and shortens the length of hospital stay.<ref name="pmid18295100">{{cite journal| author=Sarac TP, Altinel O, Kashyap V, Bena J, Lyden S, Sruvastava S et al.| title=Endovascular treatment of stenotic and occluded visceral arteries for chronic mesenteric ischemia. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 485-491 | pmid=18295100 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.046 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18295100  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25757988">{{cite journal| author=Cai W, Li X, Shu C, Qiu J, Fang K, Li M et al.| title=Comparison of clinical outcomes of endovascular versus open revascularization for chronic mesenteric ischemia: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ann Vasc Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 934-40 | pmid=25757988 | doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2015.01.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25757988  }} </ref>
* Using endovascular intervention as the primary modality of treatment helps reduce complications, provides better outcome and shortens the length of hospital stay.<ref name="pmid18295100">{{cite journal| author=Sarac TP, Altinel O, Kashyap V, Bena J, Lyden S, Sruvastava S et al.| title=Endovascular treatment of stenotic and occluded visceral arteries for chronic mesenteric ischemia. | journal=J Vasc Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 485-491 | pmid=18295100 | doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.046 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18295100  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25757988">{{cite journal| author=Cai W, Li X, Shu C, Qiu J, Fang K, Li M et al.| title=Comparison of clinical outcomes of endovascular versus open revascularization for chronic mesenteric ischemia: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ann Vasc Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 934-40 | pmid=25757988 | doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2015.01.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25757988  }} </ref>
* Two types of endovascular interventions have been described:
(a)Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis


===Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis===
(b)Mesenteric angioplasty/stenting


===Mesenteric angioplasty/stenting===
'''(a)Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis''':
*
*


===Retrograde open mesenteric stenting===
===Retrograde open mesenteric stenting===

Revision as of 18:26, 15 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Surgery in mesenteric ischemia is done to resect the ischemic bowel in order to prevent the complications. However, in case of acute embolic type of mesenteric ischemia, early laparotomy and surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment.

Surgery

  • The goals of surgical therapy are as follows:
    • Re-establishment of blood supply to the ischemic bowel
    • Resection of all non-viable areas of the bowel
    • Preservation of the viable bowel
  • Intestinal viability is defined as the maximum vital element influencing outcome in patients with AMI.
  • Non-viable bowel, if unrecognized, can cause multi-organ failure and lead to the death eventually.
  • Laparotomy allows to determine the viability of the bowel.
  • After preliminary resuscitation, midline laparotomy should be done to observe the areas of gut with choices for resection of all the necrotic areas. In instances of uncertainty, intraoperative Doppler can be beneficial.

Approach to treatment

The treatment modality chosen for the patient depends on the type and the location of occlusion, along with hemodyanamic stability.

Surgical versus endovascular intervention

  • In 2009, endovascular intervention was preferred over surgical approach.[1][2][3]

Endovascular intervention

  • Hemodyanamically stable patients and those who do not have clinical or radiological signs of ischemia are preferred candidates for endovascular intervention.[4][5][6][7]
  • Using endovascular intervention as the primary modality of treatment helps reduce complications, provides better outcome and shortens the length of hospital stay.[8][9]
  • Two types of endovascular interventions have been described:

(a)Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis

(b)Mesenteric angioplasty/stenting

(a)Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis:

Retrograde open mesenteric stenting

Abdominal exploration and damage control

Revascularization

  • Embolectomy:

The conventional treatment offered for mesenteric embolism is embolectomy. It clears the thrombus and helps assess the bowel viability.

  • Mesenteric bypass:

For mesenteric thrombosis, open surgical intervention is done followed by intraoperative retrograde superior mesenteric artery angiplasty and stenting for the atherosclerotic plaques.

Bowel and abdominal closure:

Postprocedural care and follow up:

Second-look lapratomy and abdominal wall closure:

Surgical procedure options:

[10][11][8]

  • Balloon catheter embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery
  • For restoration of blood flow in acute mesenteric ischemia, antegrade aorto-mesenteric bypass from supraceliac aorta is the best choice.
  • Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is also considered for revascularization in some case reports.
  • A new hybrid endovascular-surgical technique for managing mesenteric ischemia has been proposed.
  • Laprotomy is done when transmural bowel infacrction has occured.

References

  1. ↑ Arthurs ZM, Titus J, Bannazadeh M, Eagleton MJ, Srivastava S, Sarac TP; et al. (2011). "A comparison of endovascular revascularization with traditional therapy for the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia". J Vasc Surg. 53 (3): 698–704, discussion 704-5. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.09.049. PMID 21236616.
  2. ↑ Björnsson S, Resch T, Acosta S (2013). "Symptomatic mesenteric atherosclerotic disease-lessons learned from the diagnostic workup". J Gastrointest Surg. 17 (5): 973–80. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2139-z. PMID 23307340.
  3. ↑ Sharafuddin MJ, Nicholson RM, Kresowik TF, Amin PB, Hoballah JJ, Sharp WJ (2012). "Endovascular recanalization of total occlusions of the mesenteric and celiac arteries". J Vasc Surg. 55 (6): 1674–81. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.013. PMID 22516890.
  4. ↑ Ryer EJ, Kalra M, Oderich GS, Duncan AA, Gloviczki P, Cha S; et al. (2012). "Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia". J Vasc Surg. 55 (6): 1682–9. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.017. PMID 22503176.
  5. ↑ Kougias P, Huynh TT, Lin PH (2009). "Clinical outcomes of mesenteric artery stenting versus surgical revascularization in chronic mesenteric ischemia". Int Angiol. 28 (2): 132–7. PMID 19367243.
  6. ↑ Block TA, Acosta S, Björck M (2010). "Endovascular and open surgery for acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery". J Vasc Surg. 52 (4): 959–66. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.084. PMID 20620006.
  7. ↑ Schermerhorn ML, Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Wyers MC, Pomposelli FB (2009). "Mesenteric revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006". J Vasc Surg. 50 (2): 341–348.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.004. PMC 2716426. PMID 19372025.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sarac TP, Altinel O, Kashyap V, Bena J, Lyden S, Sruvastava S; et al. (2008). "Endovascular treatment of stenotic and occluded visceral arteries for chronic mesenteric ischemia". J Vasc Surg. 47 (3): 485–491. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.046. PMID 18295100.
  9. ↑ Cai W, Li X, Shu C, Qiu J, Fang K, Li M; et al. (2015). "Comparison of clinical outcomes of endovascular versus open revascularization for chronic mesenteric ischemia: a meta-analysis". Ann Vasc Surg. 29 (5): 934–40. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2015.01.010. PMID 25757988.
  10. ↑ Luo QZ, Lin L, Gong Z, Mei B, Xu YJ, Huo Z; et al. (2011). "Positive association of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A polymorphism with leukemia susceptibility in the people of Han nationality of Southern China". Tissue Antigens. 78 (3): 178–84. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01748.x. PMID 21810082.
  11. ↑ Lee RW, Bakken AM, Palchik E, Saad WE, Davies MG (2008). "Long-term outcomes of endoluminal therapy for chronic atherosclerotic occlusive mesenteric disease". Ann Vasc Surg. 22 (4): 541–6. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2007.09.019. PMID 18620112.
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