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!Gastric outlet obstruction
!Gastric outlet obstruction
|
|
* ''[[H. pylori]]''
*[[Peptic ulcer|PUD]]: 5% cases (most commonly affecting [[pylorus]] and initial part of the [[duodenum]])
* [[NSAIDS]]
*[[Polyps|Gastric polyps]]<ref name="pmid7129059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miner PB, Harri JE, McPhee MS |title=Intermittent gastric outlet obstruction from a pedunculated gastric polyp |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=219–20 |year=1982 |pmid=7129059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12831404">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gencosmanoglu R, Sen-Oran E, Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Tozun N |title=Antral hyperplastic polyp causing intermittent gastric outlet obstruction: case report |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=16 |year=2003 |pmid=12831404 |pmc=166166 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-3-16 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Caustic|Caustic ingestion]]<ref name="pmid2753330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Nagi B, Mehta S, Mehta SK |title=Ingestion of corrosive acids. Spectrum of injury to upper gastrointestinal tract and natural history |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=702–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2753330 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Alcohol]]
*[[Stenosis|Duodenal stricture]] <ref name="pmid2000520">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor SM, Adams DB, Anderson MC |title=Duodenal stricture: a complication of chronic fibrocalcific pancreatitis |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=338–41 |year=1991 |pmid=2000520 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Spicy food
*Systemic [[amyloidosis]] of the [[gastrointestinal tract]] <ref name="pmid8331978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menke DM, Kyle RA, Fleming CR, Wolfe JT, Kurtin PJ, Oldenburg WA |title=Symptomatic gastric amyloidosis in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=763–7 |year=1993 |pmid=8331978 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9891699">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman S, Janowitz HD |title=Systemic amyloidosis and the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=595–614, vi |year=1998 |pmid=9891699 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Viral infections
*Eosinophillic [[gastroenteritis]] <ref name="pmid10660821">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan S, Orenstein SR |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis masquerading as pyloric stenosis |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=55–7 |year=2000 |pmid=10660821 |doi=10.1177/000992280003900109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11400803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaudhary R, Shrivastava RK, Mukhopadhyay HG, Diwan RN, Das AK |title=Eosinophilic gastritis--an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction |journal=Indian J Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=110 |year=2001 |pmid=11400803 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17614041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tursi A, Rella G, Inchingolo CD, Maiorano M |title=Gastric outlet obstruction due to gastroduodenal eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Endoscopy |volume=39 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=E184 |year=2007 |pmid=17614041 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-945125 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14669340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Chu CH, Lin SC, Shih SC, Wang TE |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical experience with 15 patients |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=2813–6 |year=2003 |pmid=14669340 |pmc=4612059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8420276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee CM, Changchien CS, Chen PC, Lin DY, Sheen IS, Wang CS, Tai DI, Sheen-Chen SM, Chen WJ, Wu CS |title=Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=70–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8420276 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Obstruction]] by [[Gallstone disease|gallstones]] (Bouveret syndrome)
* [[Autoimmune diseases]]
*Complication of [[acute pancreatitis]]: [[pancreatic pseudocyst]] formation<ref name="pmid6732492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Greenlee HB, Freeark RJ |title=Gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction from inflammatory pancreatic disease |journal=Arch Surg |volume=119 |issue=7 |pages=833–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6732492 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4811173">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agrawal NM, Gyr N, McDowell W, Font RG |title=Intestinal obstruction due to acute pancreatitis. Case report and review of literature |journal=Am J Dig Dis |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=179–85 |year=1974 |pmid=4811173 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Bile reflux
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]] <ref name="pmid2658160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley EL |title=Complications of chronic pancreatitis |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=481–97 |year=1989 |pmid=2658160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19629001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levenick JM, Gordon SR, Sutton JE, Suriawinata A, Gardner TB |title=A comprehensive, case-based review of groove pancreatitis |journal=Pancreas |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=e169–75 |year=2009 |pmid=19629001 |doi=10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ac73f1 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Cocaine]] use
*[[Sarcoidosis]] of the [[Gastrointestinal tract|GIT]] <ref name="pmid2180656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stampfl DA, Grimm IS, Barbot DJ, Rosato FE, Gordon SJ |title=Sarcoidosis causing duodenal obstruction. Case report and review of gastrointestinal manifestations |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=526–32 |year=1990 |pmid=2180656 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid807981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson FE, Humbert JR, Kuzela DC, Todd JK, Lilly JR |title=Gastric outlet obstruction due to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease |journal=Surgery |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=217–23 |year=1975 |pmid=807981 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6623357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulholland MW, Delaney JP, Simmons RL |title=Gastrointestinal complications of chronic granulomatous disease: surgical implications |journal=Surgery |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=569–75 |year=1983 |pmid=6623357 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16970572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang A, Abbasakoor F, Vaizey CJ |title=Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease |journal=Colorectal Dis |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=637–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16970572 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-1318.2006.01030.x |url=}}</ref>
* Breathing machine or ventilator
*[[Bezoar|Bezoars]]<ref name="pmid9291515">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bakken DA, Abramo TJ |title=Gastric lactobezoar: a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=264–7 |year=1997 |pmid=9291515 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10328129">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Backer A, Van Nooten V, Vandenplas Y |title=Huge gastric trichobezoar in a 10-year-old girl: case report with emphasis on endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=513–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10328129 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9663194">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips MR, Zaheer S, Drugas GT |title=Gastric trichobezoar: case report and literature review |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=653–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9663194 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64889-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14738689">{{cite journal |vauthors=White NB, Gibbs KE, Goodwin A, Teixeira J |title=Gastric bezoar complicating laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, and review of literature |journal=Obes Surg |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=948–50 |year=2003 |pmid=14738689 |doi=10.1381/096089203322618849 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16448609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zapata R, Castillo F, Córdova A |title=[Gastric food bezoar as a complication of bariatric surgery. Case report and review of the literature] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=77–80 |year=2006 |pmid=16448609 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Crohn's disease]] involving the [[duodenum]] <ref name="pmid2919581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nugent FW, Roy MA |title=Duodenal Crohn's disease: an analysis of 89 cases |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=249–54 |year=1989 |pmid=2919581 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16278730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kefalas CH |title=Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=147–51 |year=2003 |pmid=16278730 |pmc=1201000 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9360875">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matsui T, Hatakeyama S, Ikeda K, Yao T, Takenaka K, Sakurai T |title=Long-term outcome of endoscopic balloon dilation in obstructive gastroduodenal Crohn's disease |journal=Endoscopy |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=640–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9360875 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1004271 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6106466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fitzgibbons TJ, Green G, Silberman H, Eliasoph J, Halls JM, Yellin AE |title=Management of Crohn's disease involving the duodenum, including duodenal cutaneous fistula |journal=Arch Surg |volume=115 |issue=9 |pages=1022–8 |year=1980 |pmid=6106466 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Stomach|Gastro]]-[[Duodenum|duodenal]] [[tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid12703983">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amarapurkar DN, Patel ND, Amarapurkar AD |title=Primary gastric tuberculosis--report of 5 cases |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=6 |year=2003 |pmid=12703983 |pmc=155648 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15540690">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao YG, Pande GK, Sahni P, Chattopadhyay TK |title=Gastroduodenal tuberculosis management guidelines, based on a large experience and a review of the literature |journal=Can J Surg |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=364–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15540690 |pmc=3211943 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16217956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Padussis J, Loffredo B, McAneny D |title=Minimally invasive management of obstructive gastroduodenal tuberculosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=698–700 |year=2005 |pmid=16217956 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8677960">{{cite journal |vauthors=Di Placido R, Pietroletti R, Leardi S, Simi M |title=Primary gastroduodenal tuberculous infection presenting as pyloric outlet obstruction |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=807–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8677960 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3605037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Subei I, Attar B, Schmitt G, Levendoglu H |title=Primary gastric tuberculosis: a case report and literature review |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=769–72 |year=1987 |pmid=3605037 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Pyloric stenosis
* Ingestion of [[corrosive|corrosives]]
* Ingestion of [[corrosive|corrosives]]
|
|
* [[Epigastric pain]]
*Early stages:<ref name="pmid7129059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miner PB, Harri JE, McPhee MS |title=Intermittent gastric outlet obstruction from a pedunculated gastric polyp |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=219–20 |year=1982 |pmid=7129059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7771437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Urayama S, Kozarek R, Ball T, Brandabur J, Traverso L, Ryan J, Wechter D |title=Presentation and treatment of annular pancreas in an adult population |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=995–9 |year=1995 |pmid=7771437 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]: characteristic feature
** Intermittent
** Occurs one hour after [[ingestion]]
** Non [[Bile|bilious]]
** Contains undigested particles of food
** Patient has intolerance to solids, followed by liquids
** [[Dehydration]]
** [[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte abnormalities]]
Late stages:<ref name="pmid2207566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson CD, Ellis H |title=Gastric outlet obstruction now predicts malignancy |journal=Br J Surg |volume=77 |issue=9 |pages=1023–4 |year=1990 |pmid=2207566 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7572891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shone DN, Nikoomanesh P, Smith-Meek MM, Bender JS |title=Malignancy is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in the era of H2 blockers |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1769–70 |year=1995 |pmid=7572891 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16817848">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cappell MS, Davis M |title=Characterization of Bouveret's syndrome: a comprehensive review of 128 cases |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=2139–46 |year=2006 |pmid=16817848 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00645.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid717362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubois A, Price SF, Castell DO |title=Gastric retention in peptic ulcer disease. A reappraisal |journal=Am J Dig Dis |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=993–7 |year=1978 |pmid=717362 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Malnutrition]]: more pronounced in patients with [[Cancer|malignancy]]
* [[Abdominal distension]]
* Features of incomplete [[obstruction]]
* [[Stomach|Gastric]] retention: presenting as early [[satiety]]
* [[Bloating]]
* Fullness of [[epigastrium]]
* [[Aspiration pneumonia]]: due to [[Dilation|dilatation]] of [[stomach]], loss of [[contractility]] and accumulation of undigested food contents
|Food
|Food
|[[Antacids]]
|-
|✔
|✔
|✔
|✔
|✔
|✔
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|may be present in case of GOO due to malignancy
|✔
|✔
|[[Melena|Black stools]]
|[[Melena|Black stools]] in case of GOO due to PUD
|
|
* Pangastritis or antral [[gastritis]]
*Helps in the determination of site of [[obstruction]]  
* [[Gastric erosion|Erosive]] (Superficial, deep, hemorrhagic)
*Helps in the visualization of the [[Stomach|gastric]] silhouette:
* Nonerosive (''[[H. pylori]]'')
*Helps note the following:
**[[Stomach|Gastric]] [[dilation]]
**Narrowing of the [[pylorus]]
**Presence of [[Ulcer|ulcers]]
**[[Tumor|Tumors]]
**Differentiation of GOO from [[gastroparesis]] where gastric [[dilation]] is not associated with the narrowing of the [[pylorus]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-

Revision as of 17:19, 25 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Table

Disease Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Other findings
Pain Nausea

&

Vomiting

Heartburn Belching or

Bloating

Weight loss Loss of

Appetite

Stools Endoscopy findings
Location Aggravating Factors Alleviating Factors
Gastric outlet obstruction

Late stages:[35][36][37][38]

Food
✔ ✔ ✔ may be present in case of GOO due to malignancy ✔ Black stools in case of GOO due to PUD -
Acute gastritis Food Antacids ✔ ✔ ✔ - ✔ Black stools -
Chronic gastritis Food Antacids ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ - H. pylori gastritis

Lymphocytic gastritis

  • Enlarged folds
  • Aphthoid erosions
 -
Atrophic gastritis Epigastric pain - - ✔ - ✔ ✔ - H. pylori

Autoimmune

Autoimmune gastritis diagnosis include:

Crohn's disease - - - - - ✔ ✔
  • Mucosal nodularity with cobblestoning
  • Multiple aphthous ulcers
  • Linier or serpiginous ulcerations
  • Thickened antral folds
  • Antral narrowing
  • Hypoperistalsis
  • Duodenal strictures
GERD
  • Lower esophageal sphincter abnormalities
  • Spicy food
  • Tight fitting clothing
 ✔

(Suspect delayed gastric emptying)

✔ - - - - Other symptoms:

Complications

Peptic ulcer disease

Duodenal ulcer

  • Pain aggravates with empty stomach

Gastric ulcer

  • Pain aggravates with food
  • Pain alleviates with food
 ✔ ✔ - - - Gastric ulcers
  • Discrete mucosal lesions with a punched-out smooth ulcer base with whitish fibrinoid base
  • Most ulcers are at the junction of fundus and antrum
  • 0.5-2.5cm

Duodenal ulcers

Other diagnostic tests
Gastrinoma - - ✔

(suspect gastric outlet obstruction)

✔ - - - Useful in collecting the tissue for biopsy

Diagnostic tests

Gastric Adenocarcinoma - - ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
  • Multiple biopsies are taken to establish the diagnosis
 Other symptoms
Primary gastric lymphoma - - - - - ✔ - - Useful in collecting the tissue for biopsy Other symptoms

Video codes

Normal video

{{#ev:youtube|x6e9Pk6inYI}} {{#ev:youtube|4uSSvD1BAHg}} {{#ev:youtube|PQXb5D-5UZw}}

Video in table

{{#ev:youtube|5ucSlgqGAno}}

Floating video

Title
https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypYI_lmLD7g%7C350}}

Redirect

  1. REDIRECTEsophageal web

synonym website

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Image

Normal versus Abnormal Barium study of esophagus with varices


Image to the right

C. burnetii, the Q fever causing agent
C. burnetii, the Q fever causing agent

Image and text to the right

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Gallery

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Miner PB, Harri JE, McPhee MS (1982). "Intermittent gastric outlet obstruction from a pedunculated gastric polyp". Gastrointest. Endosc. 28 (3): 219–20. PMID 7129059.
  2. ↑ Gencosmanoglu R, Sen-Oran E, Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Tozun N (2003). "Antral hyperplastic polyp causing intermittent gastric outlet obstruction: case report". BMC Gastroenterol. 3: 16. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-3-16. PMC 166166. PMID 12831404.
  3. ↑ Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Nagi B, Mehta S, Mehta SK (1989). "Ingestion of corrosive acids. Spectrum of injury to upper gastrointestinal tract and natural history". Gastroenterology. 97 (3): 702–7. PMID 2753330.
  4. ↑ Taylor SM, Adams DB, Anderson MC (1991). "Duodenal stricture: a complication of chronic fibrocalcific pancreatitis". South. Med. J. 84 (3): 338–41. PMID 2000520.
  5. ↑ Menke DM, Kyle RA, Fleming CR, Wolfe JT, Kurtin PJ, Oldenburg WA (1993). "Symptomatic gastric amyloidosis in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 68 (8): 763–7. PMID 8331978.
  6. ↑ Friedman S, Janowitz HD (1998). "Systemic amyloidosis and the gastrointestinal tract". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 27 (3): 595–614, vi. PMID 9891699.
  7. ↑ Khan S, Orenstein SR (2000). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis masquerading as pyloric stenosis". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 39 (1): 55–7. doi:10.1177/000992280003900109. PMID 10660821.
  8. ↑ Chaudhary R, Shrivastava RK, Mukhopadhyay HG, Diwan RN, Das AK (2001). "Eosinophilic gastritis--an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction". Indian J Gastroenterol. 20 (3): 110. PMID 11400803.
  9. ↑ Tursi A, Rella G, Inchingolo CD, Maiorano M (2007). "Gastric outlet obstruction due to gastroduodenal eosinophilic gastroenteritis". Endoscopy. 39 Suppl 1: E184. doi:10.1055/s-2006-945125. PMID 17614041.
  10. ↑ Chen MJ, Chu CH, Lin SC, Shih SC, Wang TE (2003). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical experience with 15 patients". World J. Gastroenterol. 9 (12): 2813–6. PMC 4612059. PMID 14669340.
  11. ↑ Lee CM, Changchien CS, Chen PC, Lin DY, Sheen IS, Wang CS, Tai DI, Sheen-Chen SM, Chen WJ, Wu CS (1993). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88 (1): 70–4. PMID 8420276.
  12. ↑ Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Greenlee HB, Freeark RJ (1984). "Gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction from inflammatory pancreatic disease". Arch Surg. 119 (7): 833–5. PMID 6732492.
  13. ↑ Agrawal NM, Gyr N, McDowell W, Font RG (1974). "Intestinal obstruction due to acute pancreatitis. Case report and review of literature". Am J Dig Dis. 19 (2): 179–85. PMID 4811173.
  14. ↑ Bradley EL (1989). "Complications of chronic pancreatitis". Surg. Clin. North Am. 69 (3): 481–97. PMID 2658160.
  15. ↑ Levenick JM, Gordon SR, Sutton JE, Suriawinata A, Gardner TB (2009). "A comprehensive, case-based review of groove pancreatitis". Pancreas. 38 (6): e169–75. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ac73f1. PMID 19629001.
  16. ↑ Stampfl DA, Grimm IS, Barbot DJ, Rosato FE, Gordon SJ (1990). "Sarcoidosis causing duodenal obstruction. Case report and review of gastrointestinal manifestations". Dig. Dis. Sci. 35 (4): 526–32. PMID 2180656.
  17. ↑ Johnson FE, Humbert JR, Kuzela DC, Todd JK, Lilly JR (1975). "Gastric outlet obstruction due to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". Surgery. 78 (2): 217–23. PMID 807981.
  18. ↑ Mulholland MW, Delaney JP, Simmons RL (1983). "Gastrointestinal complications of chronic granulomatous disease: surgical implications". Surgery. 94 (4): 569–75. PMID 6623357.
  19. ↑ Huang A, Abbasakoor F, Vaizey CJ (2006). "Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease". Colorectal Dis. 8 (8): 637–44. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2006.01030.x. PMID 16970572.
  20. ↑ Bakken DA, Abramo TJ (1997). "Gastric lactobezoar: a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (4): 264–7. PMID 9291515.
  21. ↑ De Backer A, Van Nooten V, Vandenplas Y (1999). "Huge gastric trichobezoar in a 10-year-old girl: case report with emphasis on endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 28 (5): 513–5. PMID 10328129.
  22. ↑ Phillips MR, Zaheer S, Drugas GT (1998). "Gastric trichobezoar: case report and literature review". Mayo Clin. Proc. 73 (7): 653–6. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64889-1. PMID 9663194.
  23. ↑ White NB, Gibbs KE, Goodwin A, Teixeira J (2003). "Gastric bezoar complicating laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, and review of literature". Obes Surg. 13 (6): 948–50. doi:10.1381/096089203322618849. PMID 14738689.
  24. ↑ Zapata R, Castillo F, Córdova A (2006). "[Gastric food bezoar as a complication of bariatric surgery. Case report and review of the literature]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish; Castilian). 29 (2): 77–80. PMID 16448609.
  25. ↑ Nugent FW, Roy MA (1989). "Duodenal Crohn's disease: an analysis of 89 cases". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 84 (3): 249–54. PMID 2919581.
  26. ↑ Kefalas CH (2003). "Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 16 (2): 147–51. PMC 1201000. PMID 16278730.
  27. ↑ Matsui T, Hatakeyama S, Ikeda K, Yao T, Takenaka K, Sakurai T (1997). "Long-term outcome of endoscopic balloon dilation in obstructive gastroduodenal Crohn's disease". Endoscopy. 29 (7): 640–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1004271. PMID 9360875.
  28. ↑ Fitzgibbons TJ, Green G, Silberman H, Eliasoph J, Halls JM, Yellin AE (1980). "Management of Crohn's disease involving the duodenum, including duodenal cutaneous fistula". Arch Surg. 115 (9): 1022–8. PMID 6106466.
  29. ↑ Amarapurkar DN, Patel ND, Amarapurkar AD (2003). "Primary gastric tuberculosis--report of 5 cases". BMC Gastroenterol. 3: 6. PMC 155648. PMID 12703983.
  30. ↑ Rao YG, Pande GK, Sahni P, Chattopadhyay TK (2004). "Gastroduodenal tuberculosis management guidelines, based on a large experience and a review of the literature". Can J Surg. 47 (5): 364–8. PMC 3211943. PMID 15540690.
  31. ↑ Padussis J, Loffredo B, McAneny D (2005). "Minimally invasive management of obstructive gastroduodenal tuberculosis". Am Surg. 71 (8): 698–700. PMID 16217956.
  32. ↑ Di Placido R, Pietroletti R, Leardi S, Simi M (1996). "Primary gastroduodenal tuberculous infection presenting as pyloric outlet obstruction". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91 (4): 807–8. PMID 8677960.
  33. ↑ Subei I, Attar B, Schmitt G, Levendoglu H (1987). "Primary gastric tuberculosis: a case report and literature review". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82 (8): 769–72. PMID 3605037.
  34. ↑ Urayama S, Kozarek R, Ball T, Brandabur J, Traverso L, Ryan J, Wechter D (1995). "Presentation and treatment of annular pancreas in an adult population". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90 (6): 995–9. PMID 7771437.
  35. ↑ Johnson CD, Ellis H (1990). "Gastric outlet obstruction now predicts malignancy". Br J Surg. 77 (9): 1023–4. PMID 2207566.
  36. ↑ Shone DN, Nikoomanesh P, Smith-Meek MM, Bender JS (1995). "Malignancy is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in the era of H2 blockers". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90 (10): 1769–70. PMID 7572891.
  37. ↑ Cappell MS, Davis M (2006). "Characterization of Bouveret's syndrome: a comprehensive review of 128 cases". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (9): 2139–46. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00645.x. PMID 16817848.
  38. ↑ Dubois A, Price SF, Castell DO (1978). "Gastric retention in peptic ulcer disease. A reappraisal". Am J Dig Dis. 23 (11): 993–7. PMID 717362.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Neuroendocrine_tumour_of_the_pancreas

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REFERENCES

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