Hernia: Difference between revisions

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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brain]]<ref name="pmid7627921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisher CM |title=Brain herniation: a revision of classical concepts |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=83–91 |year=1995 |pmid=7627921 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |CNS
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brain hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brain hernia]]<ref name="pmid7627921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisher CM |title=Brain herniation: a revision of classical concepts |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=83–91 |year=1995 |pmid=7627921 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Brain tissue]] herniation through [[foramen magnum]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Brain tissue]] herniation through [[foramen magnum]]
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diaphragmatic hernia|Diaphragmatic]]
|[[Spinal disc herniation|Lumbar disc hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hiatal hernia]]<ref name="pmid21927653">{{cite journal| author=Hyun JJ, Bak YT| title=Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. | journal=Gut Liver | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-77 | pmid=21927653 | doi=10.5009/gnl.2011.5.3.267 | pmc=3166665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21927653  }} </ref>
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|[[Nucleus pulposus]] herniation through [[Annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis|annulus fibrosus]]
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| rowspan="2" |[[Hiatal hernia]]<ref name="pmid21927653">{{cite journal| author=Hyun JJ, Bak YT| title=Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. | journal=Gut Liver | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-77 | pmid=21927653 | doi=10.5009/gnl.2011.5.3.267 | pmc=3166665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21927653  }} </ref>
|[[Sliding hernias of the stomach|Sliding hernia]]
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|[[Stomach]] herniation through [[diaphragm]]
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|Paraesophageal hernia
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|[[Esophagus]] herniation through [[diaphragm]]
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diaphragmatic hernia|Diaphragmatic]]<ref name="urlCongenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Overview - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1359/ |title=Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Overview - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Morgagni hernia]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stomach]] herniation through [[diaphragm]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital]] herniation of [[stomach]] through left side of [[diaphragm]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sliding hernias of the stomach|Sliding hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bochdalek hernia]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Esophagus]] herniation through [[diaphragm]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lumbar]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Spinal disc herniation|Lumbar disc hernia]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nucleus pulposus]] herniation through [[Annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis|annulus fibrosus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Congenital]] herniation of [[stomach]] through left side of [[diaphragm]]
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| rowspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Abdominal]]
| rowspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Abdominal]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Umbilical hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Umbilical hernia]]<ref name="pmid14626398">{{cite journal| author=Gonzalez R, Mason E, Duncan T, Wilson R, Ramshaw BJ| title=Laparoscopic versus open umbilical hernia repair. | journal=JSLS | year= 2003 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 323-8 | pmid=14626398 | doi= | pmc=3021337 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14626398  }}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[umbilicus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[umbilicus]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Epigastric hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Epigastric hernia]]<ref name="pmid14533911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muschaweck U |title=Umbilical and epigastric hernia repair |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=1207–21 |year=2003 |pmid=14533911 |doi=10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00119-1 |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[Epigastric region|epigastric abdominal wall]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[Epigastric region|epigastric abdominal wall]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Spigelian hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Spigelian hernia]]<ref name="pmid19547696">{{cite journal| author=Mittal T, Kumar V, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M et al.| title=[Not Available]. | journal=J Minim Access Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 95-8 | pmid=19547696 | doi= | pmc=2699222 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19547696  }}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through lateral [[abdominal wall]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Bowels]] herniation through lateral [[abdominal wall]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Amyand's hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Amyand's hernia]]<ref name="pmid22879848">{{cite journal| author=Singal R, Gupta S| title="Amyand's Hernia" - Pathophysiology, Role of Investigations and Treatment. | journal=Maedica (Buchar) | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 321-7 | pmid=22879848 | doi= | pmc=3391951 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22879848  }}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Vermiform appendix|Appendix vermiformis]] herniation through  [[abdominal wall]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Vermiform appendix|Appendix vermiformis]] herniation through  [[abdominal wall]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alexis Littre|Littre's hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alexis Littre|Littre's hernia]]<ref name="pmid16553126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skandalakis PN, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P |title=Littre hernia: surgical anatomy, embryology, and technique of repair |journal=Am Surg |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=238–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16553126 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Meckel's diverticulum]] herniation through [[abdominal wall]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; " |[[Meckel's diverticulum]] herniation through [[abdominal wall]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[August Gottlieb Richter|Richter's hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[August Gottlieb Richter|Richter's hernia]]<ref name="pmid16536253">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skandalakis PN, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P |title=Richter hernia: surgical anatomy and technique of repair |journal=Am Surg |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=180–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16536253 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation and [[strangulation]] through [[abdominal wall]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation and [[strangulation]] through [[abdominal wall]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Parastomal hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Parastomal hernia]]<ref name="pmid25435825">{{cite journal| author=Gillern S, Bleier JI| title=Parastomal hernia repair and reinforcement: the role of biologic and synthetic materials. | journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 162-71 | pmid=25435825 | doi=10.1055/s-0034-1394090 | pmc=4226750 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25435825  }}</ref>
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| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic]]
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Inguinal hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Inguinal hernia]]<ref name="pmid18244999">{{cite journal| author=Jenkins JT, O'Dwyer PJ| title=Inguinal hernias. | journal=BMJ | year= 2008 | volume= 336 | issue= 7638 | pages= 269-72 | pmid=18244999 | doi=10.1136/bmj.39450.428275.AD | pmc=2223000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18244999  }}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[inguinal ring]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[inguinal ring]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obturator hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obturator hernia]]<ref name="pmid12371643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakayama T, Kobayashi S, Shiraishi K, Nishiumi T, Mori S, Isobe K, Furuta Y |title=Diagnosis and treatment of obturator hernia |journal=Keio J Med |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=129–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12371643 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Viscera]] herniation through [[obturator canal]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Viscera]] herniation through [[obturator canal]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Perineal hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Perineal hernia]]<ref name="pmid28673377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levic K, Rosen KV, Bulut O, Bisgaard T |title=Low incidence of perineal hernia repair after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer |journal=Dan Med J |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28673377 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Viscera]] herniation through [[pelvic floor]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Viscera]] herniation through [[pelvic floor]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Femoral hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Femoral hernia]]<ref name="pmid13595543">{{cite journal| author=LUDINGTON LG| title=Femoral hernia and its management, with particular reference to its occurrence following inguinal herniorrhaphy. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1958 | volume= 148 | issue= 5 | pages= 823-6 | pmid=13595543 | doi= | pmc=1450902 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13595543  }}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[femoral ring]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bowels]] herniation through [[femoral ring]]
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sciatic hernia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sciatic hernia]]<ref name="pmid20197431">{{cite journal| author=Kandpal H, Madhusudhan KS| title=Sciatic hernia causing sciatica: MRI and MR neurography showing entrapment of sciatic nerve. | journal=Br J Radiol | year= 2010 | volume= 83 | issue= 987 | pages= e65-6 | pmid=20197431 | doi=10.1259/bjr/47866965 | pmc=3473559 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20197431  }}</ref>
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Revision as of 16:09, 1 February 2018


Hernia Landing page

Patient Information

Classification

Inguinal hernia
Femoral hernia
Umbilical hernia
Diaphragmatic hernia
Incisional hernia
Others

Differential Diagnosis

CNS Hernia

Brain Hernia
Lumbar Disc Hernia

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Bochdalek Hernia
Morgagni Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

Sliding Hernia
Paraesophageal Hernias

Lumbar Hernia

Petit's Hernia
Grynfeltt's Hernia

Abdominal Hernia

Umbilical Hernia
Epigastric Hernia
Spigelian Hernia
Incisional Hernia
Amyand's Hernia
Richter's Hernia
Parastomal Hernia

Pelvic Hernia

Inguinal Hernia
Obturator Hernia
Perineal Hernia
Incisional Hernia
Femoral Hernia
Sciatic Hernia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

A hernia is “the protrusion of an organ, organic part, or other bodily structure through the wall that usually contains it.”[1] Hernias may be congenital or acquired. Based on the protruded body structure and the location of the protrusion, the hernia may be classified into inguinal, femoral, umbilical, diaphragmatic, incisional, and other hernias. Different kinds of hernias, such as central nervous system (CNS), diaphragmatic, lumbar, abdominal, and pelvic hernias have to be differentiated on the basis of clinical manifestations.

Classification

Major classification of hernias in human body.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hernia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CNS
 
Hiatal
 
Diaphragmatic
 
 
 
 
 
Lumbar
 
Abdominal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pelvic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brain hernia
 
Lumbar disc hernia
 
 
Morgagni hernia
 
Bochdalek hernia
 
Petit's hernia
 
Grynfeltt's hernia
 
 
Inguinal hernia
 
Obturator hernia
 
Perineal hernia
 
Femoral hernia
 
Sciatic hernia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sliding hernia
 
Paraesophageal hernia
 
Umbilical hernia
 
Epigastric hernia
 
Spigelian hernia
 
Incisional hernia
 
Amyand's hernia
 
Littre's hernia
 
Richter's hernia
 
Parastomal hernia
 
 
 
 
 

Differential Diagnosis

Location Diseases History and Symptoms Physical Examination Laboratory Findings Definition
Neurological GI Neurological GI
Confusion Paresthesia Dysphagia Heartburn Nausea Bowel habits Loss of Consciousness Straight leg raise (SLR) Mass protrusion Tenderness/Rebound tenderness Leukocytosis CRP ESR
CNS Brain hernia[2] + + + - + - + - - - - - - Brain tissue herniation through foramen magnum
Lumbar disc hernia - + - - - - - + - - - - - Nucleus pulposus herniation through annulus fibrosus
Hiatal hernia[3] Sliding hernia - - + + + - - - - - - + - Stomach herniation through diaphragm
Paraesophageal hernia - - + + + - - - - - - - - Esophagus herniation through diaphragm
Diaphragmatic[4] Morgagni hernia - - + - + - - - - - - - - Congenital herniation of stomach through left side of diaphragm
Bochdalek hernia - - + - + - - - - - - - - Congenital herniation of stomach through left side of diaphragm
Abdominal Umbilical hernia[5] - - - - + + - - + + + + - Bowels herniation through umbilicus
Epigastric hernia[6] - - - + + + - - + + + + - Bowels herniation through epigastric abdominal wall
Spigelian hernia[7] - - - - + + - - + + + + - Bowels herniation through lateral abdominal wall
Amyand's hernia[8] - - - - + + - - + + + + - Appendix vermiformis herniation through abdominal wall
Littre's hernia[9] - - - - + + - - + + + + - Meckel's diverticulum herniation through abdominal wall
Richter's hernia[10] - - - - + + - - + + + + + Bowels herniation and strangulation through abdominal wall
Parastomal hernia[11] - - - - + + - - + + + + + Bowels herniation through stoma in the abdominal wall
Pelvic Inguinal hernia[12] - - - - - + - - + + - - - Bowels herniation through inguinal ring
Obturator hernia[13] - + - - - + - - - + - - - Viscera herniation through obturator canal
Perineal hernia[14] - - - - - + - - + + + - - Viscera herniation through pelvic floor
Femoral hernia[15] - + - - - + - - + + - - - Bowels herniation through femoral ring
Sciatic hernia[16] - + - - - + - + - + + - + Viscera herniation through sciatic canal

References

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  1. ↑ Webster's new college dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2008. p. 531. ISBN 9780618396016.
  2. ↑ Fisher CM (1995). "Brain herniation: a revision of classical concepts". Can J Neurol Sci. 22 (2): 83–91. PMID 7627921.
  3. ↑ Hyun JJ, Bak YT (2011). "Clinical significance of hiatal hernia". Gut Liver. 5 (3): 267–77. doi:10.5009/gnl.2011.5.3.267. PMC 3166665. PMID 21927653.
  4. ↑ "Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Overview - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf".
  5. ↑ Gonzalez R, Mason E, Duncan T, Wilson R, Ramshaw BJ (2003). "Laparoscopic versus open umbilical hernia repair". JSLS. 7 (4): 323–8. PMC 3021337. PMID 14626398.
  6. ↑ Muschaweck U (2003). "Umbilical and epigastric hernia repair". Surg. Clin. North Am. 83 (5): 1207–21. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00119-1. PMID 14533911.
  7. ↑ Mittal T, Kumar V, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M; et al. (2008). "[Not Available]". J Minim Access Surg. 4 (4): 95–8. PMC 2699222. PMID 19547696.
  8. ↑ Singal R, Gupta S (2011). ""Amyand's Hernia" - Pathophysiology, Role of Investigations and Treatment". Maedica (Buchar). 6 (4): 321–7. PMC 3391951. PMID 22879848.
  9. ↑ Skandalakis PN, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (2006). "Littre hernia: surgical anatomy, embryology, and technique of repair". Am Surg. 72 (3): 238–43. PMID 16553126.
  10. ↑ Skandalakis PN, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (2006). "Richter hernia: surgical anatomy and technique of repair". Am Surg. 72 (2): 180–4. PMID 16536253.
  11. ↑ Gillern S, Bleier JI (2014). "Parastomal hernia repair and reinforcement: the role of biologic and synthetic materials". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 27 (4): 162–71. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1394090. PMC 4226750. PMID 25435825.
  12. ↑ Jenkins JT, O'Dwyer PJ (2008). "Inguinal hernias". BMJ. 336 (7638): 269–72. doi:10.1136/bmj.39450.428275.AD. PMC 2223000. PMID 18244999.
  13. ↑ Nakayama T, Kobayashi S, Shiraishi K, Nishiumi T, Mori S, Isobe K, Furuta Y (2002). "Diagnosis and treatment of obturator hernia". Keio J Med. 51 (3): 129–32. PMID 12371643.
  14. ↑ Levic K, Rosen KV, Bulut O, Bisgaard T (2017). "Low incidence of perineal hernia repair after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer". Dan Med J. 64 (7). PMID 28673377.
  15. ↑ LUDINGTON LG (1958). "Femoral hernia and its management, with particular reference to its occurrence following inguinal herniorrhaphy". Ann Surg. 148 (5): 823–6. PMC 1450902. PMID 13595543.
  16. ↑ Kandpal H, Madhusudhan KS (2010). "Sciatic hernia causing sciatica: MRI and MR neurography showing entrapment of sciatic nerve". Br J Radiol. 83 (987): e65–6. doi:10.1259/bjr/47866965. PMC 3473559. PMID 20197431.
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