Jaundice historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''Jaundice'' comes from the French word ''jaune'', meaning yellow. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. [[Alexander Pope]], in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, as all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." | ''Jaundice'' comes from the French word ''jaune'', meaning yellow. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. [[Alexander Pope]], in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, as all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
''Jaundice'' comes from the French word ''jaune in circa 1300AD'', meaning yellow. And the word ‘jaunis’ itself is derived from an earlier French word ‘jalnice.<ref name="urlwww.etymonline.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/jaundice |title=www.etymonline.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
The concept of obstructive jaundice came up in the year 1935 with Whipple.<ref name="pmid18726134">{{cite journal |vauthors=van der Gaag NA, Kloek JJ, de Castro SM, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ |title=Preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice: history and current status |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=814–20 |year=2009 |pmid=18726134 |doi=10.1007/s11605-008-0618-4 |url=}}</ref>The terms infective hepatitis (in England) and infectious hepatitis (in USA) were first used in the years 1939 and 1943 respectively. Prior to this, jaundice as an adverse effect of vaccination was noted as early as 1885 by Lu¨hrman.<ref name="pmid23327242">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W |title=Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: systematic review |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=e16–29 |year=2013 |pmid=23327242 |pmc=3673520 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158 |url=}}</ref> | The concept of obstructive jaundice came up in the year 1935 with Whipple.<ref name="pmid18726134">{{cite journal |vauthors=van der Gaag NA, Kloek JJ, de Castro SM, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ |title=Preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice: history and current status |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=814–20 |year=2009 |pmid=18726134 |doi=10.1007/s11605-008-0618-4 |url=}}</ref>The terms infective hepatitis (in England) and infectious hepatitis (in USA) were first used in the years 1939 and 1943 respectively. Prior to this, jaundice as an adverse effect of vaccination was noted as early as 1885 by Lu¨hrman.<ref name="pmid23327242">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W |title=Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: systematic review |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=e16–29 |year=2013 |pmid=23327242 |pmc=3673520 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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Overview
Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, as all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye."
Historical Perspective
Jaundice comes from the French word jaune in circa 1300AD, meaning yellow. And the word ‘jaunis’ itself is derived from an earlier French word ‘jalnice.[1]
The concept of obstructive jaundice came up in the year 1935 with Whipple.[2]The terms infective hepatitis (in England) and infectious hepatitis (in USA) were first used in the years 1939 and 1943 respectively. Prior to this, jaundice as an adverse effect of vaccination was noted as early as 1885 by Lu¨hrman.[3]
McDonald, in the year 1908, suggested that jaundice may probably be caused by an agent much smaller than a bacterium.
World War II (WWII) threw open the field with regard to hepatitis. During WWII, it is estimated that approximately 16 million people were killed as a consequence of hepatitis.[4]
References
- ↑ "www.etymonline.com".
- ↑ van der Gaag NA, Kloek JJ, de Castro SM, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ (2009). "Preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice: history and current status". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13 (4): 814–20. doi:10.1007/s11605-008-0618-4. PMID 18726134.
- ↑ Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W (2013). "Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: systematic review". Am J Public Health. 103 (3): e16–29. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158. PMC 3673520. PMID 23327242.
- ↑ Trepo C (2014). "A brief history of hepatitis milestones". Liver Int. 34 Suppl 1: 29–37. doi:10.1111/liv.12409. PMID 24373076.