Acute diarrhea risk factors: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Acute diarrhea}} | {{Acute diarrhea}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | ||
==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include: | Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include:<ref name="pmid25562268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steffen R, Hill DR, DuPont HL |title=Traveler's diarrhea: a clinical review |journal=JAMA |volume=313 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |year=2015 |pmid=25562268 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.17006 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid9362174">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuPont HL |title=Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=1962–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9362174 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19346386">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah N, DuPont HL, Ramsey DJ |title=Global etiology of travelers' diarrhea: systematic review from 1973 to the present |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=609–14 |year=2009 |pmid=19346386 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26633896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ, Praet N, Bellinger DC, de Silva NR, Gargouri N, Speybroeck N, Cawthorne A, Mathers C, Stein C, Angulo FJ, Devleesschauwer B |title=World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e1001923 |year=2015 |pmid=26633896 |pmc=4668832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Travel: | *Travel: | ||
**Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella. | **Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella. | ||
**Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus, Enteric Adenovirus. | **Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus. | ||
**Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia. | **Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia. | ||
*[[Epidemics]] and [[Outbreaks]]: | *[[Epidemics]] and [[Outbreaks]]: | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Risk factors
Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include:[1] [2] [3] [4]
- Travel:
- Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella.
- Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
- Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
- Epidemics and Outbreaks:
- bacterial:Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
- VIRAL:Noro virus, Rota virus.
- Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
- Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
- Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Enteohemorrhagic E.coli EHEC
- Poor sanitation and crowding
- Food history:
- Consumption of raw or undercooked meats,Fish, Canned foods, Raw eggs,Frozen food (Examples: Salmonella, STEC, Clostridium perfringens, L.monocytogenes)
- Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
- Clostridium difficile
- Drug side effects
- Ischemic colitis(initially acute then chronic)
- Homosexual men
- Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
- Old age
- ↑ Steffen R, Hill DR, DuPont HL (2015). "Traveler's diarrhea: a clinical review". JAMA. 313 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17006. PMID 25562268.
- ↑ DuPont HL (1997). "Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 (11): 1962–75. PMID 9362174.
- ↑ Shah N, DuPont HL, Ramsey DJ (2009). "Global etiology of travelers' diarrhea: systematic review from 1973 to the present". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80 (4): 609–14. PMID 19346386.
- ↑ Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ, Praet N, Bellinger DC, de Silva NR, Gargouri N, Speybroeck N, Cawthorne A, Mathers C, Stein C, Angulo FJ, Devleesschauwer B (2015). "World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010". PLoS Med. 12 (12): e1001923. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923. PMC 4668832. PMID 26633896.