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|There are no life-threatening causes of Acute diarrhea; however, complications resulting from untreated Acute diarrhea are common.
|There are no life-threatening causes of Acute diarrhea; however, complications resulting from untreated Acute diarrhea are common.
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'''Infections''':
'''Infections''':
Line 75: Line 73:
**Mycobacterium Avium complex
**Mycobacterium Avium complex


'''Food poisoning''':  
*Food poisoning:  
 
**Staphylococcal aureus
*Staphylococcal aureus
**Bacillus cereus
*Bacillus cereus
**Clostridium perfringens
*Clostridium perfringens
 
'''Viral''':
*Noro virus
*Rota virus
*Adeno virus
*HIV Infection
*CMV
*Astro virus
*Norwalk virus


'''Protozoan''':
*Viral:
*Entamoeba histolytica
**Noro virus
*Giardia lamblia
**Rota virus
** Enteric Adeno virus
**HIV Infection
**CMV
**Astro virus
**Norwalk virus


*Microsporidia
*Protozoan and Parasitic:
*Isospora
**Entamoeba histolytica
**Giardia lamblia
**Microsporidia
**Isospora


'''Medicatons''':
'''Medicatons''':
Line 112: Line 108:
'''Ingestion of plants''' (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)
'''Ingestion of plants''' (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)


Food allergies:
'''Food allergies''':
*Cow's milk protein allergy
*Soy protein allergy


'''Tropical sprue (initial stages)'''
'''Tropical sprue (initial stages)'''
Line 133: Line 131:
'''Irritable bowel syndrome'''
'''Irritable bowel syndrome'''


'''Lactose intolerance'''
'''Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes''':
*Glucose-galactose malabsorption
*Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
*Late-onset (adult-type) hypolactasia, leads to lactose intolerance
 


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Revision as of 20:54, 7 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Common causes of acute diarrhea in children are infections. infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by Rota virus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC , Campylobacter,Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, HIV infection and intra abdominal emergencies including Intususseption and acute appendicitis.

Common causes of acute diarrhea in adults is also Infectious gastroenterits, commonly caused by Noro virus, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus. Less commonly acute diarrhea can be a symptom in the initial stages of systemic conditions including Ischemic colitis, Hyperthyroidism, Tropical sprue and with medications including Broad spectrum antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents.

Causes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

Population Life threatening causes Common causes Less common causes
Children
  • Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS])
  • Salmonella septicemia
  • Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)
 Infectious:
  • Viral:
    • Rota virus
    • Noro virus
  • Bacterial:
    • Shigella species ( S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)
    • E.coli species ( Enterotoxigenic E.coli, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, Enteroinvasive E.coli)
    • Vibrio cholerae
    • Non Typhoidal Salmonella: S.typhimurium, S.enterica
    • Campylobacter jejuni
    • Clostridium difficle
    • Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica,Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Adeno virus
  • Astro virus
  • Calcivirus
  • Aeromonas
  • Systemic conditions associated with diarrhea:

Influenza, measles, dengue fever, human immunodeficiency virus. Systemic infections associated with diarrhea include pneumonia,Otitis media, sepsis,urinary tract infection. Intra abdominal emergencies including appendicitis, Intussusception.

Adults There are no life-threatening causes of Acute diarrhea; however, complications resulting from untreated Acute diarrhea are common.

Infections:

  • Bacterial:
    • Shigella species
    • Non typhoidal Salmonella
    • Clostridium difficile
    • Campylobacter jejuni
    • Escherichia coli :
      • ETEC
      • EPEC
      • EHEC
      • EIEC
      • EAEC
    • Yersinia enterocolitica
    • Vibrio cholera
    • Vibrio parahemolyticus
    • Aeromonas
    • Plesiomonas shigelloides
    • Mycobacterium Avium complex
  • Food poisoning:
    • Staphylococcal aureus
    • Bacillus cereus
    • Clostridium perfringens
  • Viral:
    • Noro virus
    • Rota virus
    • Enteric Adeno virus
    • HIV Infection
    • CMV
    • Astro virus
    • Norwalk virus
  • Protozoan and Parasitic:
    • Entamoeba histolytica
    • Giardia lamblia
    • Microsporidia
    • Isospora

Medicatons:

  • Antibiotics mostly with Cephalosporins
  • Magnesium containing antacids
  • Laxatives
  • Anti retroviral agents
  • Chemotherapeutic agents
  • Antifungals
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Digoxin
  • Statins
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Lactulose

Ingestion of plants (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)

Food allergies:

  • Cow's milk protein allergy
  • Soy protein allergy

Tropical sprue (initial stages)

Ischemic colitis(initial stages)

Tumors: VIPoma

Organophosphate poisoning

Opium withdrawal

Short bowel syndrome(initial stages)

Radiation enteritis(initial stages)

Listeria monocytogenes (in immuno compromised)

Hyperthyroidism

Irritable bowel syndrome

Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes:

  • Glucose-galactose malabsorption
  • Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
  • Late-onset (adult-type) hypolactasia, leads to lactose intolerance


References:

  1. ↑ Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM (2018). "The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 5 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1177/2049936117744429. PMC 5761924. PMID 29344358.
  2. ↑ Chowdhury F, Rahman MA, Begum YA, Khan AI, Faruque AS, Saha NC, Baby NI, Malek MA, Kumar AR, Svennerholm AM, Pietroni M, Cravioto A, Qadri F (2011). "Impact of rapid urbanization on the rates of infection by Vibrio cholerae O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Dhaka, Bangladesh". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 5 (4): e999. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000999. PMC 3071362. PMID 21483709.
  3. ↑ Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM (2013). "Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study". Lancet. 382 (9888): 209–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2. PMID 23680352.
  4. ↑ Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J (2013). "Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009". J. Infect. Dis. 208 (5): 790–800. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit254. PMID 23757337.
  5. ↑ Dennehy PH (2011). "Viral gastroenteritis in children". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 30 (1): 63–4. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182059102. PMID 21173676.
  6. ↑ Cohen MB (1991). "Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States". J. Pediatr. 118 (4 Pt 2): S34–9. PMID 2007955.
  7. ↑ Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T (2000). "Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community". J. Infect. Dis. 181 Suppl 2: S288–94. doi:10.1086/315590. PMID 10804140.
  8. ↑ Dikman AE, Schonfeld E, Srisarajivakul NC, Poles MA (2015). "Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Diarrhea: Still an Issue in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy". Dig. Dis. Sci. 60 (8): 2236–45. doi:10.1007/s10620-015-3615-y. PMC 4499110. PMID 25772777.
  9. ↑ Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y (2015). "Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0138183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138183. PMC 4652906. PMID 26584048.
  10. ↑ Chiejina M, Samant H. PMID 29262044. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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