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==Overview==
==Overview==
* The causes of acute  diarrhoea are based on geographical location, food hygiene standards, sanitation, water supply, and season.
* The causes of acute  diarrhea are based on geographical location, food hygiene standards, sanitation, water supply, and season.
* Common causes of acute [[diarrhea]] in children in both developing and developed nations are infections. Infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by [[Rota virus]], [[Shigella]], Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]] , Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be caused by  Norwalk like viruses, can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, Otitis media, HIV infection.
* Common causes of acute [[diarrhea]] in children in both developing and developed nations are infections. Infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by [[Rota virus]], [[Shigella]], Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]] , Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be caused by  Norwalk like viruses, can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, Otitis media, HIV infection.


* Common causes of acute [[diarrhea]] in adults is also Infectious gastroenterits, commonly caused by [[Noro virus]], [[Salmonella]], [[Shigella]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]]. Other common causes are food allergies, drug side effects. Less commonly acute [[diarrhea]] can be a symptom in the initial stages of systemic conditions including [[Ischemic colitis]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Tropical sprue]]  and with disorders of digestion and absorption process.
* Common causes of acute [[diarrhea]] in adults is also Infectious gastroenterits, commonly caused by [[Noro virus]], [[Salmonella]], [[Shigella]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]]. Other common causes are food allergies, drug side effects. Less commonly acute [[diarrhea]] can be a symptom in the initial stages of systemic conditions including [[Ischemic colitis]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Tropical sprue]]  and with disorders of digestion and absorption process.
==Causes==
==Causes==
'''Causes''': <ref name="pmid29344358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM |title=The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management |journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |year=2018 |pmid=29344358 |pmc=5761924 |doi=10.1177/2049936117744429 |url=}}</ref>  
Causes of acute diarrhea based on [[Infection|infectious agents]] are enlisted below.<ref name="pmid29344358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM |title=The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management |journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |year=2018 |pmid=29344358 |pmc=5761924 |doi=10.1177/2049936117744429 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19450323">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Bruyn G |title=Diarrhoea in adults (acute) |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2008 |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |pmid=19450323 |pmc=2907942 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiejina M, Samant H |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29262044 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21726481">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ |title=Gastroenteritis in children |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=21726481 |pmc=2907797 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23680352">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM |title=Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9888 |pages=209–22 |year=2013 |pmid=23680352 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23757337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J |title=Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=208 |issue=5 |pages=790–800 |year=2013 |pmid=23757337 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jit254 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10804140">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T |title=Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S288–94 |year=2000 |pmid=10804140 |doi=10.1086/315590 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2007955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen MB |title=Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=118 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=S34–9 |year=1991 |pmid=2007955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26584048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y |title=Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0138183 |year=2015 |pmid=26584048 |pmc=4652906 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138183 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12826999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Surawicz CM |title=Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how many dirty diapers? |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12826999 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid19450323">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Bruyn G |title=Diarrhoea in adults (acute) |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2008 |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |pmid=19450323 |pmc=2907942 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid29262044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiejina M, Samant H |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29262044 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid21726481">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ |title=Gastroenteritis in children |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=21726481 |pmc=2907797 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid23680352">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM |title=Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9888 |pages=209–22 |year=2013 |pmid=23680352 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid23757337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J |title=Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=208 |issue=5 |pages=790–800 |year=2013 |pmid=23757337 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jit254 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid10804140">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T |title=Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S288–94 |year=2000 |pmid=10804140 |doi=10.1086/315590 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid2007955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen MB |title=Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=118 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=S34–9 |year=1991 |pmid=2007955 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid26584048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y |title=Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0138183 |year=2015 |pmid=26584048 |pmc=4652906 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138183 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12826999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Surawicz CM |title=Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how many dirty diapers? |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12826999 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


Bacterial:
==== Bacterial causes of diarrhea ====
*Shigella species ( S.dysentriae,   S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)         
*[[Shigella]] species ( [[Shigella|S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii]])         
*E.coli species ( Enterotoxigenic E.coli, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, Enteroinvasive E.coli)
*[[Vibrio cholerae]]
*Vibrio cholerae
*[[Salmonella|Non-typhoidal Salmonella]]: [[Salmonella|S.typhimurium]], [[Salmonella|S.enterica]]
*Non Typhoidal Salmonella: S.typhimurium, S.enterica
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*Clostridium difficle: Antibiotic associated diarrhea (eg: Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Cephalosporins)
*[[Clostridium difficile]]: [[Antibiotic]] associated diarrhea (eg: [[Amoxicillin-Clavulanate|Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]])
*Yersinia enterocolitica
*[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
*Aeromonas
*[[Aeromonas]]
*Sepsis:
*[[Sepsis]]:
**Staphylococcus aureus'' (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS])''
**[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' ([[Toxic shock syndrome|staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS]]])''
**Salmonella septicemia
**[[Salmonella|Salmonella septicemia]]
*Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)
*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uraemic syndrome]] ([[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC]])
*Shigella species
*[[Shigella|Shigella species]]
*Non typhoidal Salmonella
*[[Clostridium difficile]]
*Clostridium difficile
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*Campylobacter jejuni
* [[Escherichia coli]]:
* Escherichia coli :
**[[Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli|ETEC]]
**ETEC  
**[[Escherichia coli|EPEC]]
**EPEC  
**[[Enterohemorrhagic|EHEC]]
**EHEC  
**[[EIEC]]
**EIEC  
**[[EAEC infection|EAEC]]
**EAEC
*[[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
*Yersinia enterocolitica
*[[Aeromonas]]
*Vibrio cholera
*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides]]
*Vibrio parahemolyticus
*[[Mycobacterium|Mycobacterium Avium complex]]
*Aeromonas
*[[Bacillus cereus]]
*Plesiomonas shigelloides
*[[Clostridium perfringens]]
*Mycobacterium Avium complex
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]''  
*Staphylococcal aureus
*Bacillus cereus
*Clostridium perfringens
*''Listeria monocytogenes'' (in immuno compromised)


'''Viral:'''
'''Viral causes of diarrhea'''
*Rota virus
*[[Rotavirus]]
*Noro virus
*[[Norovirus]]
*Adeno virus
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
*Astro virus
*[[Astrovirus]]
*Calcivirus
*Calcivirus
*Influenza, measles, dengue fever, human immunodeficiency virus
*[[Influenza virus]]
*Noro virus
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]]
*Rota virus
*[[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]]
* Enteric Adeno virus
*[[Astrovirus]]
*HIV Infection
*CMV
*Astro virus
*Norwalk virus
*Norwalk virus
'''Protozoa''':
'''Protozoa''':
* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
* [[Cryptosporidium parvum]]


Entamoeba histolytica
*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
 
*[[Giardia lamblia]]
Cryptosporidium parvum
*[[Microsporidia]]
*Entamoeba histolytica
*[[Isospora]]
*Giardia lamblia
*Microsporidia
*Isospora
 
Systemic infections
 
sepsis,urinary tract infection
 
appendicitis, Intussusception
 
'''Short bowel syndrome'''
 
'''Radiation or chemotherapy enteritis'''
 
'''Hyperthyroidism'''
 
'''Irritable bowel syndrome'''
 
'''Tropical sprue (initial stages)'''
 
'''Ischemic colitis(initial stages)'''
 
'''Tumors''': VIPoma


==== Systemic infections ====
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Appendicitis]]
* [[Intussusception]]
* [[Short bowel syndrome]]
* [[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
* [[Enteropathy|Chemotherapy induced enteritis]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
* [[Tropical sprue]]
* [[Ischemic colitis]]
* [[VIPoma]]
* [[Infectious colitis]]
'''Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes''':
'''Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes''':
*Glucose-galactose malabsorption
*[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
*Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
*[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]]
*Late-onset (adult-type) hypolactasia, leads to lactose intolerance  
*Late-onset (adult-type) [[Lactose intolerance|hypolactasia]], leads to [[lactose intolerance]]
'''Intra abdominal emergencies''' including appendicitis,Infectious colitis.
 
'''Medicatons''':
'''Medicatons''':
*Antibiotics, mostly with Cephalosporins
*[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], mostly with [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
*Magnesium containing antacids
*Magnesium containing antacids
*Laxatives
*Laxatives

Revision as of 14:05, 8 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

  • The causes of acute diarrhea are based on geographical location, food hygiene standards, sanitation, water supply, and season.
  • Common causes of acute diarrhea in children in both developing and developed nations are infections. Infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by Rota virus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC , Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be caused by Norwalk like viruses, can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, Otitis media, HIV infection.

Causes

Causes of acute diarrhea based on infectious agents are enlisted below.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Bacterial causes of diarrhea

Viral causes of diarrhea

Protozoa:

Systemic infections

Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes:

Medicatons:

  • Antibiotics, mostly with Cephalosporins
  • Magnesium containing antacids
  • Laxatives
  • Anti retroviral agents
  • Chemotherapeutic agents
  • Antifungals
  • Digoxin
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Lactulose

Ingestion of plants (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)

Food allergies:

  • Cow's milk protein allergy
  • Soy protein allergy

Organophosphate poisoning

Opium withdrawal

References

  1. ↑ Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM (2018). "The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 5 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1177/2049936117744429. PMC 5761924. PMID 29344358.
  2. ↑ de Bruyn G (2008). "Diarrhoea in adults (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907942. PMID 19450323.
  3. ↑ Chiejina M, Samant H. PMID 29262044. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ (2009). "Gastroenteritis in children". BMJ Clin Evid. 2009. PMC 2907797. PMID 21726481.
  5. ↑ Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM (2013). "Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study". Lancet. 382 (9888): 209–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2. PMID 23680352.
  6. ↑ Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J (2013). "Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009". J. Infect. Dis. 208 (5): 790–800. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit254. PMID 23757337.
  7. ↑ Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T (2000). "Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community". J. Infect. Dis. 181 Suppl 2: S288–94. doi:10.1086/315590. PMID 10804140.
  8. ↑ Cohen MB (1991). "Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States". J. Pediatr. 118 (4 Pt 2): S34–9. PMID 2007955.
  9. ↑ Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y (2015). "Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0138183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138183. PMC 4652906. PMID 26584048.
  10. ↑ Surawicz CM (2003). "Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how many dirty diapers?". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 37 (1): 2–3. PMID 12826999.
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