Xyz history and symptoms

Xyz Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Xyz from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Interventions
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Xyz history and symptoms On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Xyz history and symptoms All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Xyz history and symptoms
CDC on Xyz history and symptoms
Xyz history and symptoms in the news
Blogs on Xyz history and symptoms
Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis
Risk calculators and risk factors for Xyz history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

• The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

• The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
• Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. 

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

• Travel history:
  • Travel history may be helpful in identifying a cause for diarrhea.
  • The risk of traveler"s diarrhea is high in regions where hygienic practices and sanitation are poor.
  • Traveler's diarrhea risk also varies with season of the year, higher risk during warmer months and rainy seasons.
  • Risk by geographic regions:
    • High risk: South and Southeast Asia, Central and western Africa, South and Central America, and Mexico.
    • Moderate risk: Caribbean Islands, South Africa, Central and East Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East.
    • Low risk: the United States, Canada, Singapore, Japan,Northern and Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
• Common organisms that cause diarrhea among traveler's include:
  • Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC is the leading cause
  • Shigella
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • Rota virus.
• Other organisms that are prevalent in particular parts of the world include the following:
  • Nonspecific foreign travel history: Consider Enterotoxigenic E coli ETEC, Aeromonas, Giardia, Plesiomonas, Salmonella, and Shigella species
  • Travel to Africa: Entamoeba species, Vibrio cholerae
  • Travel to South America and Central America: Entamoeba species, V cholerae, enterotoxigenic E coli
  • Travel to Asia: V cholerae
  • Travel to Australia: Yersinia species
  • Travel to Canada: Yersinia species
  • Travel to Europe: Yersinia species
  • Travel to India: Entamoeba species, V cholerae
  • Travel to Japan: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • Travel to Mexico: Aeromonas, Entamoeba, Plesiomonas, and Yersinia species
  • New Guinea: Clostridium species.

• Day care history: Certain pathogens are spread very quickly in daycare.
  • Virus:
    • Rota virus
    • Astro virus
    • Calcivirus
  • Bacteria:
    • Campylobacter
    • Shigela
  • Protozoa:
    • Giardia
    • Cryptosporidium species.
• Food history:
  • Intake of raw or uncooked food is a common cause of infectious diarrhea. Consumption of undercooked or raw meat or fish, unpasteurized dairy products, or certain organic vitamin preperations may suggest certain pathogens.
    • Meats: C perfringens and Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Salmonella species
    • Dairy food: Campylobacter and Salmonella species
    • Eggs: Salmonella species
    • Seafood: Astrovirus and Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Vibrio species
    • Poultry: Campylobacter species
    • Oysters: Calicivirus and Plesiomonas and Vibrio species
    • Vegetables: Aeromonas species and C perfringens
    • Ground beef: Enterohemorrhagic E coli
    • Pork: C perfringens, Y enterocolitica
  • Although it is often difficult to know which food exposure was the potential cause, the timing of onset of symptoms following exposure to the suspected food can be an important clue to find the diagnosis.
    • Up to 6 hrs: Ingestion of a preformed toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus cereus,if nausea and vomiting were the initial symptoms.
    • Between 8 to 16 hours: suggests infection with Clostridium perfringens
    • After 16 hours: Most commonly either viral or other bacterial infection (eg, contamination of food with enterotoxigenic E.coli EHEC or other pathogens.
• Water exposure: Water is the main source for organisms that cause diarrhea.
  • Swimming pools have been associated with outbreaks of infection with Shigella species.
  • Aeromonas organisms are associated with exposure to the marine environment
  • Certain organisms are resistant to chlorination(eg: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba), so,exposure to contaminated water should raise the suspicion of infection with these pathogens.
  • Camping history with exposure to water sources may also suggest infection with Giardia.
• Exposure to animals:
  • poultry, petting zoos has been associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter infections.

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

• [Symptom 1]
• [Symptom 2]
• [Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of [disease name] include

• [Symptom 1]
• [Symptom 2]
• [Symptom 3]