Diaphragmatic paralysis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 25: Line 25:


==== Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :<ref name="DubéDres2016">{{cite journal|last1=Dubé|first1=Bruno-Pierre|last2=Dres|first2=Martin|title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=5|issue=12|year=2016|pages=113|issn=2077-0383|doi=10.3390/jcm5120113}}</ref> ====
==== Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :<ref name="DubéDres2016">{{cite journal|last1=Dubé|first1=Bruno-Pierre|last2=Dres|first2=Martin|title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=5|issue=12|year=2016|pages=113|issn=2077-0383|doi=10.3390/jcm5120113}}</ref> ====
* Idiopathic in many cases
* [[Idiopathic]] in many cases


*Phrenic nerve injury in cardiac surgery due to cooling or streching <ref name="pmid14723798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canbaz S, Turgut N, Halici U, Balci K, Ege T, Duran E |title=Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery--a prospective, controlled, clinical study |journal=BMC Surg |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |year=2004 |pmid=14723798 |pmc=320489 |doi=10.1186/1471-2482-4-2 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Phrenic nerve]] injury in [[cardiac surgery]] due to cooling or streching <ref name="pmid14723798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canbaz S, Turgut N, Halici U, Balci K, Ege T, Duran E |title=Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery--a prospective, controlled, clinical study |journal=BMC Surg |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |year=2004 |pmid=14723798 |pmc=320489 |doi=10.1186/1471-2482-4-2 |url=}}</ref>
*Viral infections such as:  
*[[Virus|Viral]] infections such as:  
**Herpes zoster
**[[Herpes zoster]]
**Poliomyelitis   
**[[Poliomyelitis]]  


==== Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis:<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubé BP, Dres M |title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies |journal=J Clin Med |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27929389 |pmc=5184786 |doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 |url=}}</ref>  ====
==== Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis:<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubé BP, Dres M |title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies |journal=J Clin Med |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27929389 |pmc=5184786 |doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 |url=}}</ref>  ====
* Idiopathic in many cases
* [[Idiopathic]] in many cases
* Cervical spinal cord disease such as
* Cervical [[spinal cord]] disease such as
** Large tumors
** Large tumors
** Spinal cord transection
** Spinal cord transection


* Motor neuron disease such as: <ref name="pmid8774419">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Grand'Maison F, Strong MJ, Ramsay DA, Bolton CF |title=Motor neuron disease presenting as acute respiratory failure: a clinical and pathological study |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=455–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8774419 |pmc=1073907 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Motor neuron disease]] such as: <ref name="pmid8774419">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Grand'Maison F, Strong MJ, Ramsay DA, Bolton CF |title=Motor neuron disease presenting as acute respiratory failure: a clinical and pathological study |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=455–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8774419 |pmc=1073907 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
** [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]


* Neuropathy
* [[Neuropathy]]
** Post-polio syndrome
** [[Post-polio syndrome]]
** Guillain-Barré syndrome
** [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
** Post-viral neuropathy ( West Nile virus )<ref name="pmid14985569">{{cite journal |vauthors=Betensley AD, Jaffery SH, Collins H, Sripathi N, Alabi F |title=Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and related respiratory complications in a patient with West Nile virus infection |journal=Thorax |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=268–9 |year=2004 |pmid=14985569 |pmc=1746955 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Post-viral neuropathy ( [[West nile virus|West Nile virus]] )<ref name="pmid14985569">{{cite journal |vauthors=Betensley AD, Jaffery SH, Collins H, Sripathi N, Alabi F |title=Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and related respiratory complications in a patient with West Nile virus infection |journal=Thorax |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=268–9 |year=2004 |pmid=14985569 |pmc=1746955 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Thyroid Disease
** [[Thyroid disease|Thyroid Disease]]
** Autoimmune diseases  
** [[Autoimmune diseases]]


* Neuromuscular junction disease 
* [[Neuromuscular junction disease]] 
** Myasthenia gravis<ref name="pmid18785183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valadas A, de Carvalho M |title=Myasthenia gravis and respiratory failure related to phrenic nerve lesion |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=1340–1 |year=2008 |pmid=18785183 |doi=10.1002/mus.21067 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Myasthenia gravis]]<ref name="pmid18785183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valadas A, de Carvalho M |title=Myasthenia gravis and respiratory failure related to phrenic nerve lesion |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=1340–1 |year=2008 |pmid=18785183 |doi=10.1002/mus.21067 |url=}}</ref>
** Eaton Lambert Syndrome <ref name="NicolleStewart1996">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Michael W.|last2=Stewart|first2=Dwight J.|last3=Remtulla|first3=Hussein|last4=Chen|first4=Robert|last5=Bolton|first5=Charles F.|title=Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presenting with severe respiratory failure|journal=Muscle & Nerve|volume=19|issue=10|year=1996|pages=1328–1333|issn=0148-639X|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199610)19:10<1328::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref>
** Eaton Lambert Syndrome <ref name="NicolleStewart1996">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Michael W.|last2=Stewart|first2=Dwight J.|last3=Remtulla|first3=Hussein|last4=Chen|first4=Robert|last5=Bolton|first5=Charles F.|title=Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presenting with severe respiratory failure|journal=Muscle & Nerve|volume=19|issue=10|year=1996|pages=1328–1333|issn=0148-639X|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199610)19:10<1328::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref>
** Systemic botulism 
** Systemic [[botulism]] 
* Muscle disease 
* Muscle disease 
** Polymyositis
** [[Polymyositis]]
** Dermatomyositis
** [[Dermatomyositis]]
** Inclusion body myopathy
** Inclusion body myopathy
** Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
** [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]]
** Acid maltase deficiency 
** [[Acid maltase deficiency]] 
** Hypothyroidism  
** [[Hypothyroidism]]
** Hyperthyroidism
** [[Hyperthyroidism]]


===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===


==== Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis : <ref name="pmid10893396">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chapman SA, Holmes MD, Taylor DJ |title=Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis |journal=Chest |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=269–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10893396 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ====
==== Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis : <ref name="pmid10893396">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chapman SA, Holmes MD, Taylor DJ |title=Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis |journal=Chest |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=269–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10893396 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ====
* Cervical spondylosis
* [[Cervical spondylosis]]
* Cervical compressive tumors
* Cervical compressive tumors
* Blunt neck trauma
* Blunt neck trauma
* Neck surgery
* Neck surgery
* Pneumonia
* [[Pneumonia]]
* Iatrogenic embolization such as bronchial artery embolization for treatment of hemoptysis
* [[Iatrogenic]] embolization such as bronchial artery embolization for treatment of [[hemoptysis]]
* Neuralgic amyotrophy, inflammatory disorder of brachial plexus<ref name="pmid16717226">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsao BE, Ostrovskiy DA, Wilbourn AJ, Shields RW |title=Phrenic neuropathy due to neuralgic amyotrophy |journal=Neurology |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=1582–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16717226 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000216140.25497.40 |url=}}</ref>
* Neuralgic amyotrophy (inflammatory disorder of brachial plexus)<ref name="pmid16717226">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsao BE, Ostrovskiy DA, Wilbourn AJ, Shields RW |title=Phrenic neuropathy due to neuralgic amyotrophy |journal=Neurology |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=1582–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16717226 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000216140.25497.40 |url=}}</ref>


==== Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :<ref name="pmid27929389" /> ====
==== Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :<ref name="pmid27929389" /> ====
Line 79: Line 79:


===Genetic Causes===
===Genetic Causes===
*Diaphragmatic paralysis due to spinal muscular atrophy caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q13.2.<ref name="pmid2407409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sivan Y, Galvis A |title=Early diaphragmatic paralysis. In infants with genetic disorders |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=169–71 |year=1990 |pmid=2407409 |doi=10.1177/000992289002900305 |url=}}</ref>
*Diaphragmatic paralysis due to [[spinal muscular atrophy]] caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q13.2.<ref name="pmid2407409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sivan Y, Galvis A |title=Early diaphragmatic paralysis. In infants with genetic disorders |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=169–71 |year=1990 |pmid=2407409 |doi=10.1177/000992289002900305 |url=}}</ref>
*Acid maltase deficency as a cause of diaphragmatic paralysis caused by a mutation in GAA gene on chromosome band 17q23.<ref name="pmid16702877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishnani PS, Steiner RD, Bali D, Berger K, Byrne BJ, Case LE, Case L, Crowley JF, Downs S, Howell RR, Kravitz RM, Mackey J, Marsden D, Martins AM, Millington DS, Nicolino M, O'Grady G, Patterson MC, Rapoport DM, Slonim A, Spencer CT, Tifft CJ, Watson MS |title=Pompe disease diagnosis and management guideline |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=267–88 |year=2006 |pmid=16702877 |pmc=3110959 |doi=10.109701.gim.0000218152.87434.f3 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pompe's Disease|Acid maltase deficency]] as a cause of diaphragmatic paralysis caused by a mutation in GAA gene on chromosome band 17q23.<ref name="pmid16702877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishnani PS, Steiner RD, Bali D, Berger K, Byrne BJ, Case LE, Case L, Crowley JF, Downs S, Howell RR, Kravitz RM, Mackey J, Marsden D, Martins AM, Millington DS, Nicolino M, O'Grady G, Patterson MC, Rapoport DM, Slonim A, Spencer CT, Tifft CJ, Watson MS |title=Pompe disease diagnosis and management guideline |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=267–88 |year=2006 |pmid=16702877 |pmc=3110959 |doi=10.109701.gim.0000218152.87434.f3 |url=}}</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
Line 109: Line 109:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Hyperthyroidism]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 117: Line 117:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Systemic [[botulism]], Malnutrition
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acid maltase deficiency]] 
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 129: Line 129:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Phrenic nerve]] injury in [[cardiac surgery]], Neck surgery, [[Iatrogenic]] embolization
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Herpes zoster]], [[Poliomyelitis]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Polymyositis]], [[Dermatomyositis]], Inclusion body myopathy, [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]], [[Acid maltase deficiency]], [[Cervical spondylosis]],
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Large tumors, Spinal cord transection, [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], Post-viral neuropathy, [[Myasthenia gravis]], Systemic [[botulism]], Neuralgic amyotrophy, Parsonage Turner syndrome 
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 153: Line 153:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Cervical compressive tumors,
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 169: Line 169:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Pneumonia]],
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 177: Line 177:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Autoimmune diseases]], Eaton Lambert Syndrome, [[Polymyositis]], [[Dermatomyositis]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 185: Line 185:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Blunt neck trauma,
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 193: Line 193:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Idiopathic]]
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:04, 13 February 2018

Diaphragmatic Paralysis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Diaphragmatic Paralysis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Guidelines for Management

Case Studies

Case #1

Diaphragmatic paralysis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Diaphragmatic paralysis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Diaphragmatic paralysis causes

CDC on Diaphragmatic paralysis causes

Diaphragmatic paralysis causes in the news

Blogs on Diaphragmatic paralysis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Diaphragmatic paralysis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of diaphragmatic paralysis

Common Causes

Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :[1]

Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis:[3]

Less Common Causes

Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis : [8]

Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis :[3]

Less common causes of diaphragmatic paralysis include:

  • Parsonage Turner syndrome (brachial neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy)
  • Malnutrition[10]

Genetic Causes

  • Diaphragmatic paralysis due to spinal muscular atrophy caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q13.2.[11]
  • Acid maltase deficency as a cause of diaphragmatic paralysis caused by a mutation in GAA gene on chromosome band 17q23.[12]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Systemic botulism, Malnutrition
Genetic Acid maltase deficiency 
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Phrenic nerve injury in cardiac surgery, Neck surgery, Iatrogenic embolization
Infectious Disease Herpes zoster, Poliomyelitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Inclusion body myopathy, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Acid maltase deficiency, Cervical spondylosis,
Neurologic Large tumors, Spinal cord transection, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Post-viral neuropathy, Myasthenia gravis, Systemic botulism, Neuralgic amyotrophy, Parsonage Turner syndrome 
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Cervical compressive tumors,
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Pneumonia,
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Autoimmune diseases, Eaton Lambert Syndrome, Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt neck trauma,
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ Dubé, Bruno-Pierre; Dres, Martin (2016). "Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 5 (12): 113. doi:10.3390/jcm5120113. ISSN 2077-0383.
  2. ↑ Canbaz S, Turgut N, Halici U, Balci K, Ege T, Duran E (2004). "Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery--a prospective, controlled, clinical study". BMC Surg. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2482-4-2. PMC 320489. PMID 14723798.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dubé BP, Dres M (2016). "Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies". J Clin Med. 5 (12). doi:10.3390/jcm5120113. PMC 5184786. PMID 27929389.
  4. ↑ Chen R, Grand'Maison F, Strong MJ, Ramsay DA, Bolton CF (1996). "Motor neuron disease presenting as acute respiratory failure: a clinical and pathological study". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 60 (4): 455–8. PMC 1073907. PMID 8774419.
  5. ↑ Betensley AD, Jaffery SH, Collins H, Sripathi N, Alabi F (2004). "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and related respiratory complications in a patient with West Nile virus infection". Thorax. 59 (3): 268–9. PMC 1746955. PMID 14985569.
  6. ↑ Valadas A, de Carvalho M (2008). "Myasthenia gravis and respiratory failure related to phrenic nerve lesion". Muscle Nerve. 38 (4): 1340–1. doi:10.1002/mus.21067. PMID 18785183.
  7. ↑ Nicolle, Michael W.; Stewart, Dwight J.; Remtulla, Hussein; Chen, Robert; Bolton, Charles F. (1996). "Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presenting with severe respiratory failure". Muscle & Nerve. 19 (10): 1328–1333. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199610)19:10<1328::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-Q. ISSN 0148-639X.
  8. ↑ Chapman SA, Holmes MD, Taylor DJ (2000). "Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis". Chest. 118 (1): 269–70. PMID 10893396.
  9. ↑ Tsao BE, Ostrovskiy DA, Wilbourn AJ, Shields RW (2006). "Phrenic neuropathy due to neuralgic amyotrophy". Neurology. 66 (10): 1582–4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000216140.25497.40. PMID 16717226.
  10. ↑ Murciano, D; Rigaud, D; Pingleton, S; Armengaud, M H; Melchior, J C; Aubier, M (1994). "Diaphragmatic function in severely malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa. Effects of renutrition". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 150 (6): 1569–1574. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952616. ISSN 1073-449X.
  11. ↑ Sivan Y, Galvis A (1990). "Early diaphragmatic paralysis. In infants with genetic disorders". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 29 (3): 169–71. doi:10.1177/000992289002900305. PMID 2407409.
  12. ↑ Kishnani PS, Steiner RD, Bali D, Berger K, Byrne BJ, Case LE, Case L, Crowley JF, Downs S, Howell RR, Kravitz RM, Mackey J, Marsden D, Martins AM, Millington DS, Nicolino M, O'Grady G, Patterson MC, Rapoport DM, Slonim A, Spencer CT, Tifft CJ, Watson MS (2006). "Pompe disease diagnosis and management guideline". Genet. Med. 8 (5): 267–88. doi:10.109701.gim.0000218152.87434.f3 Check |doi= value (help). PMC 3110959. PMID 16702877.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Diaphragmatic_paralysis_causes&oldid=1443939"