Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions
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*'''Hypoventilation:''' | *'''Hypoventilation:''' | ||
**'''Upper airway obstruction:''' | **'''Upper airway obstruction:''' | ||
***Foreign body aspiration | ***[[Foreign body aspiration]] | ||
***Pertussis/Croup | ***[[Pertussis]] / Croup | ||
***Epiglottitis | ***[[Epiglottitis]] | ||
***Tracheitis mostly bacterial | ***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial | ||
***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures) | ***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures) | ||
***Congenital airway abnormalities: | ***Congenital airway abnormalities: | ||
****Choanal atresia | ****[[Choanal atresia]] | ||
****Laryngotracheomalacia | ****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]] | ||
****Macroglossia | ****[[Macroglossia]] | ||
****Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | ****[[Micrognathia]] or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | ||
**'''Neurologic abnormalities:''' | **'''Neurologic abnormalities:''' | ||
***CNS depression | ***CNS depression | ||
***Severe head trauma | ***Severe head trauma | ||
***Apnea of prematurity | ***Apnea of prematurity | ||
***Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis) | ***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]]) | ||
***Intraventricular hemorrhage | ***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] | ||
***Seizures | ***Seizures | ||
***Cyanotic breath holding spells | ***Cyanotic breath holding spells | ||
***Coma | ***Coma | ||
**'''Neuromuscular disorders:''' | **'''Neuromuscular disorders:''' | ||
*** Myasthenia gravis | *** [[Myasthenia gravis]] | ||
***Injury to the phrenic nerve | ***Injury to the phrenic nerve | ||
***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease) | ***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease) | ||
**'''Metabolic disorders:''' | **'''Metabolic disorders:''' | ||
***Severe hypoglycemia | ***Severe [[hypoglycemia]] | ||
***In born errors of metabolism | ***In born errors of metabolism | ||
*'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:''' | *'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:''' | ||
**Asthma | **[[Asthma]] | ||
**Pulmonary embolism | **[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
**Atelectasis | **[[Atelectasis]] | ||
**Alveolar capillary dysplasia | **Alveolar capillary dysplasia | ||
**emphysema or COPD | **[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] | ||
**Pulmonary edema | **[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
**Pulmonary hypoplasia | **Pulmonary hypoplasia | ||
**Pulmonary hemorrhage | **[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | ||
**Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) | **[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease) | ||
**Transient tachypnea of the newborn | **Transient tachypnea of the newborn | ||
*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:''' | *'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:''' | ||
**Pulmonary fibrosis | **[[Pulmonary fibrosis]] | ||
**Pulmonary edema | **[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
*Pneumonia | *[[Pneumonia]] | ||
*Bronchiolitis | *[[Bronchiolitis]] | ||
*Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]] | ||
*Cystic fibrosis | *[[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
*Empyema | *[[Empyema]] | ||
*'''Circulatory causes:''' | *'''Circulatory causes:''' | ||
**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' | **'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' | ||
Line 118: | Line 118: | ||
**Polycythemia | **Polycythemia | ||
*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | *Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | ||
Line 151: | Line 148: | ||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes | ||
Line 256: | Line 252: | ||
**Polycythemia | **Polycythemia | ||
*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | *Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | ||
|} | |||
<references /> |
Revision as of 16:04, 21 February 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
- [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
Common Causes
There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:[1]
- Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
- Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
- Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
- Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
- Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
- External compression
- Pneumothorax
- Hemothorax
- Flail chest
- Hypoventilation:
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Foreign body aspiration
- Pertussis / Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Tracheitis mostly bacterial
- Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
- Congenital airway abnormalities:
- Choanal atresia
- Laryngotracheomalacia
- Macroglossia
- Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
- Neurologic abnormalities:
- CNS depression
- Severe head trauma
- Apnea of prematurity
- Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Seizures
- Cyanotic breath holding spells
- Coma
- Neuromuscular disorders:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Injury to the phrenic nerve
- Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
- Metabolic disorders:
- Severe hypoglycemia
- In born errors of metabolism
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
- Asthma
- Pulmonary embolism
- Atelectasis
- Alveolar capillary dysplasia
- emphysema or COPD
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hypoplasia
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Empyema
- Circulatory causes:
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Tetralogy of fallot
- Tricuspid valve anomalies
- Tricuspid atresia
- Tricuspid stenosis
- Ebstein's anomaly
- Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
- Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
- Increased pulmonary flow:
- TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
- Truncus arteriosus
- TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
- Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
- Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
- Coarctation of aorta
- Critical valvular aortic stenosis
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Eisenmenger syndrome
- Pulmonary causes:
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
- Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Acute chest syndrome
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Hematologic abnormalities:
- Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
- Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
- Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
- Polycythemia
- Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
[Disease name] may be caused by:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
OR
- [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
- [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of disease name include:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
Genetic Causes
- [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | No underlying causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [4] central cyanosis causes
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