Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions
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===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
There following are some of the | There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> | ||
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):''' | *'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):''' | ||
**Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires | **[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires | ||
**Carbon monoxide poisoning | **[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]] | ||
**Hydrogen cyanide poisoning | **Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]] | ||
**Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide) | **Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, [[Propane]], [[methane]], [[Butane|butane,]] [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]]) | ||
*'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude''' | *'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: [[Altitude sickness|High altitude]]''' | ||
*'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:''' | *'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:''' | ||
**External compression | **External compression | ||
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**'''Upper airway obstruction:''' | **'''Upper airway obstruction:''' | ||
***[[Foreign body aspiration]] | ***[[Foreign body aspiration]] | ||
***[[Pertussis]] / Croup | ***[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]] | ||
***[[Epiglottitis]] | ***[[Epiglottitis]] | ||
***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial | ***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial | ||
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****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]] | ****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]] | ||
****[[Macroglossia]] | ****[[Macroglossia]] | ||
****[[Micrognathia]] or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | ****[[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | ||
**'''Neurologic abnormalities:''' | **'''Neurologic abnormalities:''' | ||
***CNS depression | ***[[CNS depression]] | ||
***Severe head trauma | ***Severe head trauma | ||
***Apnea of prematurity | ***[[Apnea of prematurity]] | ||
***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]]) | ***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]]) | ||
***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] | ***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] | ||
***Seizures | ***[[Seizure|Seizures]] | ||
***Cyanotic breath holding spells | ***Cyanotic breath holding spells | ||
***Coma | ***[[Coma]] | ||
**'''Neuromuscular disorders:''' | **'''Neuromuscular disorders:''' | ||
*** [[Myasthenia gravis]] | *** [[Myasthenia gravis]] | ||
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**[[Pulmonary embolism]] | **[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
**[[Atelectasis]] | **[[Atelectasis]] | ||
**Alveolar capillary dysplasia | **[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]] | ||
**[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] | **[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] | ||
**[[Pulmonary edema]] | **[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
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**[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | **[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | ||
**[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease) | **[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease) | ||
**Transient tachypnea of the newborn | **[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]] | ||
*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:''' | *'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:''' | ||
**[[Pulmonary fibrosis]] | **[[Pulmonary fibrosis]] | ||
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**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' | **'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' | ||
***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:''' | ***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:''' | ||
****Tetralogy of fallot | ****[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]] | ||
****Tricuspid valve anomalies | ****Tricuspid valve anomalies: | ||
*****Tricuspid atresia | *****[[Tricuspid atresia]] | ||
*****Tricuspid stenosis | *****[[Tricuspid stenosis]] | ||
*****Ebstein's anomaly | *****[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]] | ||
****Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular) | ****[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular) | ||
****Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum | ****[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum | ||
***'''Increased pulmonary flow:''' | ***'''Increased pulmonary flow:''' | ||
****TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type) | ****[[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type) | ||
****Truncus arteriosus | ****[[Truncus arteriosus]] | ||
****TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection) | ****[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection) | ||
***'''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include: | ***'''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include: | ||
****Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS) | ****Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]]) | ||
****Coarctation of aorta | ****[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]] | ||
****Critical valvular aortic stenosis | ****Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]] | ||
**'''Eisenmenger syndrome''' | **'''[[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]''' | ||
**'''Pulmonary causes:''' | **'''Pulmonary causes:''' | ||
***Pulmonary hypertension | ***[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
***Pulmonary edema | ***[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
***Pulmonary hemorrhage | ***[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | ||
***Pulmonary embolism | ***[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations | ***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations | ||
***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts | ***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts | ||
**'''Shock''' | **'''[[Shock]]''' | ||
**'''Sepsis''' | **'''[[Sepsis]]''' | ||
**'''Acute chest syndrome''' | **'''[[Acute chest syndrome]]''' | ||
*'''Hematologic abnormalities:''' | *'''Hematologic abnormalities:''' | ||
**Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired) | **[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired) | ||
**Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired) | **[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired) | ||
**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas | **Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas, Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells | ||
**Polycythemia | **[[Polycythemia]] | ||
*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | *Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | ||
Revision as of 16:17, 21 February 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
- [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
Common Causes
There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:[1]
- Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
- Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
- Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
- Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
- Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
- External compression
- Pneumothorax
- Hemothorax
- Flail chest
- Hypoventilation:
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Foreign body aspiration
- Pertussis / Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Tracheitis mostly bacterial
- Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
- Congenital airway abnormalities:
- Choanal atresia
- Laryngotracheomalacia
- Macroglossia
- Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
- Neurologic abnormalities:
- CNS depression
- Severe head trauma
- Apnea of prematurity
- Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Seizures
- Cyanotic breath holding spells
- Coma
- Neuromuscular disorders:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Injury to the phrenic nerve
- Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
- Metabolic disorders:
- Severe hypoglycemia
- In born errors of metabolism
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
- Asthma
- Pulmonary embolism
- Atelectasis
- Alveolar capillary dysplasia
- emphysema or COPD
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hypoplasia
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Empyema
- Circulatory causes:
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Tetralogy of fallot
- Tricuspid valve anomalies:
- Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
- Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
- Increased pulmonary flow:
- TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
- Truncus arteriosus
- TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
- Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
- Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
- Coarctation of aorta
- Critical valvular aortic stenosis
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Eisenmenger syndrome
- Pulmonary causes:
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
- Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Acute chest syndrome
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Hematologic abnormalities:
- Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
- Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
- Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas, Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
- Polycythemia
- Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
[Disease name] may be caused by:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
OR
- [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
- [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of disease name include:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
Genetic Causes
- [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | No underlying causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [4] central cyanosis causes
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